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657 lines
21 KiB
Groff
657 lines
21 KiB
Groff
'\" t
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.TH "SYSTEMD\&.SPECIAL" "7" "" "systemd 219" "systemd.special"
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.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
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.\" * Define some portability stuff
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.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
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.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
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.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
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.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
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.el .ds Aq '
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.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
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.\" * set default formatting
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.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
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.\" disable hyphenation
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.nh
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.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
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.ad l
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.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
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.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
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.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
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.SH "NAME"
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systemd.special \- Special systemd units
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.SH "SYNOPSIS"
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.PP
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basic\&.target,
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bluetooth\&.target,
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ctrl\-alt\-del\&.target,
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cryptsetup\&.target,
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cryptsetup\-pre\&.target,
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dbus\&.service,
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dbus\&.socket,
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default\&.target,
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display\-manager\&.service,
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emergency\&.target,
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exit\&.target,
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final\&.target,
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getty\&.target,
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graphical\&.target,
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halt\&.target,
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hibernate\&.target,
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hybrid\-sleep\&.target,
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initrd\-fs\&.target,
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kbrequest\&.target,
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kexec\&.target,
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local\-fs\&.target,
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local\-fs\-pre\&.target,
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multi\-user\&.target,
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network\&.target,
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network\-online\&.target,
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network\-pre\&.target,
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nss\-lookup\&.target,
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nss\-user\-lookup\&.target,
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paths\&.target,
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poweroff\&.target,
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printer\&.target,
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reboot\&.target,
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remote\-fs\&.target,
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remote\-fs\-pre\&.target,
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rescue\&.target,
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initrd\-root\-fs\&.target,
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rpcbind\&.target,
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runlevel2\&.target,
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runlevel3\&.target,
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runlevel4\&.target,
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runlevel5\&.target,
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shutdown\&.target,
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sigpwr\&.target,
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sleep\&.target,
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smartcard\&.target,
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sockets\&.target,
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sound\&.target,
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suspend\&.target,
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swap\&.target,
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sysinit\&.target,
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syslog\&.socket,
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system\-update\&.target,
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time\-sync\&.target,
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timers\&.target,
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umount\&.target,
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\-\&.slice,
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system\&.slice,
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user\&.slice,
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machine\&.slice
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.SH "DESCRIPTION"
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.PP
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A few units are treated specially by systemd\&. They have special internal semantics and cannot be renamed\&.
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.SH "SPECIAL SYSTEM UNITS"
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.PP
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basic\&.target
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.RS 4
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A special target unit covering basic boot\-up\&.
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.sp
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systemd automatically adds dependencies of the types
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\fIRequires=\fR
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and
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\fIAfter=\fR
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for this target unit to all services (except for those with
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\fIDefaultDependencies=no\fR)\&.
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.sp
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Usually this should pull\-in all mount points, swap devices, sockets, timers, and path units and other basic initialization necessary for general purpose daemons\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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ctrl\-alt\-del\&.target
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.RS 4
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systemd starts this target whenever Control+Alt+Del is pressed on the console\&. Usually this should be aliased (symlinked) to
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reboot\&.target\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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cryptsetup\&.target
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.RS 4
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A target that pulls in setup services for all encrypted block devices\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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dbus\&.service
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.RS 4
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A special unit for the D\-Bus bus daemon\&. As soon as this service is fully started up systemd will connect to it and register its service\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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dbus\&.socket
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.RS 4
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A special unit for the D\-Bus system bus socket\&. All units with
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\fIType=dbus\fR
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automatically gain a dependency on this unit\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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default\&.target
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.RS 4
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The default unit systemd starts at bootup\&. Usually this should be aliased (symlinked) to
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multi\-user\&.target
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or
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graphical\&.target\&.
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.sp
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The default unit systemd starts at bootup can be overridden with the
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\fIsystemd\&.unit=\fR
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kernel command line option\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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display\-manager\&.service
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.RS 4
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The display manager service\&. Usually this should be aliased (symlinked) to
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gdm\&.service
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or a similar display manager service\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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emergency\&.target
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.RS 4
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A special target unit that starts an emergency shell on the main console\&. This unit is supposed to be used with the kernel command line option
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\fIsystemd\&.unit=\fR
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and has otherwise little use\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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final\&.target
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.RS 4
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A special target unit that is used during the shutdown logic and may be used to pull in late services after all normal services are already terminated and all mounts unmounted\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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getty\&.target
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.RS 4
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A special target unit that pulls in statically configured local TTY
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getty
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instances\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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graphical\&.target
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.RS 4
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A special target unit for setting up a graphical login screen\&. This pulls in
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multi\-user\&.target\&.
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.sp
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Units that are needed for graphical logins shall add
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\fIWants=\fR
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dependencies for their unit to this unit (or
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multi\-user\&.target) during installation\&. This is best configured via
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\fIWantedBy=graphical\&.target\fR
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in the unit\*(Aqs
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"[Install]"
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section\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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hibernate\&.target
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.RS 4
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A special target unit for hibernating the system\&. This pulls in
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sleep\&.target\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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hybrid\-sleep\&.target
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.RS 4
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A special target unit for hibernating and suspending the system at the same time\&. This pulls in
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sleep\&.target\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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halt\&.target
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.RS 4
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A special target unit for shutting down and halting the system\&. Note that this target is distinct from
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poweroff\&.target
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in that it generally really just halts the system rather than powering it down\&.
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.sp
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Applications wanting to halt the system should start this unit\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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initrd\-fs\&.target
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.RS 4
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\fBsystemd-fstab-generator\fR(3)
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automatically adds dependencies of type
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\fIBefore=\fR
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to
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sysroot\-usr\&.mount
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and all mount points found in
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/etc/fstab
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that have
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\fBx\-initrd\&.mount\fR
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and not have
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\fBnoauto\fR
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mount options set\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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kbrequest\&.target
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.RS 4
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systemd starts this target whenever Alt+ArrowUp is pressed on the console\&. This is a good candidate to be aliased (symlinked) to
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rescue\&.target\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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kexec\&.target
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.RS 4
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A special target unit for shutting down and rebooting the system via kexec\&.
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.sp
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Applications wanting to reboot the system with kexec should start this unit\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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local\-fs\&.target
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.RS 4
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\fBsystemd-fstab-generator\fR(3)
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automatically adds dependencies of type
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\fIBefore=\fR
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to all mount units that refer to local mount points for this target unit\&. In addition, it adds dependencies of type
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\fIWants=\fR
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to this target unit for those mounts listed in
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/etc/fstab
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that have the
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\fBauto\fR
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mount option set\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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multi\-user\&.target
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.RS 4
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A special target unit for setting up a multi\-user system (non\-graphical)\&. This is pulled in by
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graphical\&.target\&.
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.sp
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Units that are needed for a multi\-user system shall add
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\fIWants=\fR
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dependencies for their unit to this unit during installation\&. This is best configured via
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\fIWantedBy=multi\-user\&.target\fR
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in the unit\*(Aqs
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"[Install]"
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section\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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network\-online\&.target
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.RS 4
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Units that strictly require a configured network connection should pull in
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network\-online\&.target
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(via a
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\fIWants=\fR
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type dependency) and order themselves after it\&. This target unit is intended to pull in a service that delays further execution until the network is sufficiently set up\&. What precisely this requires is left to the implementation of the network managing service\&.
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.sp
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Note the distinction between this unit and
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network\&.target\&. This unit is an active unit (i\&.e\&. pulled in by the consumer rather than the provider of this functionality) and pulls in a service which possibly adds substantial delays to further execution\&. In contrast,
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network\&.target
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is a passive unit (i\&.e\&. pulled in by the provider of the functionality, rather than the consumer) that usually does not delay execution much\&. Usually,
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network\&.target
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is part of the boot of most systems, while
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network\-online\&.target
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is not, except when at least one unit requires it\&. Also see
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\m[blue]\fBRunning Services After the Network is up\fR\m[]\&\s-2\u[1]\d\s+2
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for more information\&.
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.sp
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All mount units for remote network file systems automatically pull in this unit, and order themselves after it\&. Note that networking daemons that simply provide functionality to other hosts generally do not need to pull this in\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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paths\&.target
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.RS 4
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A special target unit that sets up all path units (see
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\fBsystemd.path\fR(5)
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for details) that shall be active after boot\&.
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.sp
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It is recommended that path units installed by applications get pulled in via
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\fIWants=\fR
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dependencies from this unit\&. This is best configured via a
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\fIWantedBy=paths\&.target\fR
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in the path unit\*(Aqs
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"[Install]"
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section\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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poweroff\&.target
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.RS 4
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A special target unit for shutting down and powering off the system\&.
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.sp
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Applications wanting to power off the system should start this unit\&.
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.sp
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runlevel0\&.target
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is an alias for this target unit, for compatibility with SysV\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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reboot\&.target
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.RS 4
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A special target unit for shutting down and rebooting the system\&.
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.sp
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Applications wanting to reboot the system should start this unit\&.
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.sp
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runlevel6\&.target
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is an alias for this target unit, for compatibility with SysV\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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remote\-fs\&.target
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.RS 4
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Similar to
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local\-fs\&.target, but for remote mount points\&.
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.sp
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systemd automatically adds dependencies of type
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\fIAfter=\fR
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for this target unit to all SysV init script service units with an LSB header referring to the
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"$remote_fs"
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facility\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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rescue\&.target
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.RS 4
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A special target unit for setting up the base system and a rescue shell\&.
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.sp
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runlevel1\&.target
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is an alias for this target unit, for compatibility with SysV\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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initrd\-root\-fs\&.target
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.RS 4
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\fBsystemd-fstab-generator\fR(3)
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automatically adds dependencies of type
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\fIBefore=\fR
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to the
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sysroot\&.mount
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unit, which is generated from the kernel command line\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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runlevel2\&.target, runlevel3\&.target, runlevel4\&.target, runlevel5\&.target
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.RS 4
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These are targets that are called whenever the SysV compatibility code asks for runlevel 2, 3, 4, 5, respectively\&. It is a good idea to make this an alias for (i\&.e\&. symlink to)
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multi\-user\&.target
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(for runlevel 2) or
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graphical\&.target
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(the others)\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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shutdown\&.target
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.RS 4
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A special target unit that terminates the services on system shutdown\&.
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.sp
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Services that shall be terminated on system shutdown shall add
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\fIConflicts=\fR
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dependencies to this unit for their service unit, which is implicitly done when
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\fIDefaultDependencies=yes\fR
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is set (the default)\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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sigpwr\&.target
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.RS 4
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A special target that is started when systemd receives the SIGPWR process signal, which is normally sent by the kernel or UPS daemons when power fails\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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sleep\&.target
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.RS 4
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A special target unit that is pulled in by
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suspend\&.target,
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hibernate\&.target
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and
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hybrid\-sleep\&.target
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and may be used to hook units into the sleep state logic\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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sockets\&.target
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.RS 4
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A special target unit that sets up all socket units\&.(see
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\fBsystemd.socket\fR(5)
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for details) that shall be active after boot\&.
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.sp
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Services that can be socket\-activated shall add
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\fIWants=\fR
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dependencies to this unit for their socket unit during installation\&. This is best configured via a
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\fIWantedBy=sockets\&.target\fR
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in the socket unit\*(Aqs
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"[Install]"
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section\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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suspend\&.target
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.RS 4
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A special target unit for suspending the system\&. This pulls in
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sleep\&.target\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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swap\&.target
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.RS 4
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Similar to
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local\-fs\&.target, but for swap partitions and swap files\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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sysinit\&.target
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.RS 4
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A special target unit covering early boot\-up scripts\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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syslog\&.socket
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.RS 4
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The socket unit syslog implementations should listen on\&. All userspace log messages will be made available on this socket\&. For more information about syslog integration, please consult the
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\m[blue]\fBSyslog Interface\fR\m[]\&\s-2\u[2]\d\s+2
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document\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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system\-update\&.target
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.RS 4
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A special target unit that is used for off\-line system updates\&.
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\fBsystemd-system-update-generator\fR(8)
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will redirect the boot process to this target if
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/system\-update
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exists\&. For more information see the
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\m[blue]\fBSystem Updates Specification\fR\m[]\&\s-2\u[3]\d\s+2\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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timers\&.target
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.RS 4
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A special target unit that sets up all timer units (see
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\fBsystemd.timer\fR(5)
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for details) that shall be active after boot\&.
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.sp
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It is recommended that timer units installed by applications get pulled in via
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\fIWants=\fR
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dependencies from this unit\&. This is best configured via
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\fIWantedBy=timers\&.target\fR
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in the timer unit\*(Aqs
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"[Install]"
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|
section\&.
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.RE
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.PP
|
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umount\&.target
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.RS 4
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A special target unit that umounts all mount and automount points on system shutdown\&.
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.sp
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Mounts that shall be unmounted on system shutdown shall add Conflicts dependencies to this unit for their mount unit, which is implicitly done when
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\fIDefaultDependencies=yes\fR
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is set (the default)\&.
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.RE
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.SH "SPECIAL SYSTEM UNITS FOR DEVICES"
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.PP
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Some target units are automatically pulled in as devices of certain kinds show up in the system\&. These may be used to automatically activate various services based on the specific type of the available hardware\&.
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.PP
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bluetooth\&.target
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.RS 4
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This target is started automatically as soon as a Bluetooth controller is plugged in or becomes available at boot\&.
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.sp
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This may be used to pull in Bluetooth management daemons dynamically when Bluetooth hardware is found\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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printer\&.target
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.RS 4
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This target is started automatically as soon as a printer is plugged in or becomes available at boot\&.
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.sp
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This may be used to pull in printer management daemons dynamically when printer hardware is found\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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smartcard\&.target
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.RS 4
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This target is started automatically as soon as a smartcard controller is plugged in or becomes available at boot\&.
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.sp
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This may be used to pull in smartcard management daemons dynamically when smartcard hardware is found\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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sound\&.target
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.RS 4
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This target is started automatically as soon as a sound card is plugged in or becomes available at boot\&.
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.sp
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This may be used to pull in audio management daemons dynamically when audio hardware is found\&.
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.RE
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.SH "SPECIAL PASSIVE SYSTEM UNITS"
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.PP
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A number of special system targets are defined that can be used to properly order boot\-up of optional services\&. These targets are generally not part of the initial boot transaction, unless they are explicitly pulled in by one of the implementing services\&. Note specifically that these
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\fIpassive\fR
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target units are generally not pulled in by the consumer of a service, but by the provider of the service\&. This means: a consuming service should order itself after these targets (as appropriate), but not pull it in\&. A providing service should order itself before these targets (as appropriate) and pull it in (via a
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\fIWants=\fR
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|
type dependency)\&.
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.PP
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Note that these passive units cannot be started manually, i\&.e\&.
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"systemctl start time\-sync\&.target"
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|
will fail with an error\&. They can only be pulled in by dependency\&. This is enforced since they exist for ordering purposes only and thus are not useful as only unit within a transaction\&.
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.PP
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cryptsetup\-pre\&.target
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.RS 4
|
|
This passive target unit may be pulled in by services that want to run before any encrypted block device is set up\&. All encrypted block devices are set up after this target has been reached\&. Since the shutdown order is implicitly the reverse start\-up order between units, this target is particularly useful to ensure that a service is shut down only after all encrypted block devices are fully stopped\&.
|
|
.RE
|
|
.PP
|
|
local\-fs\-pre\&.target
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
This target unit is automatically ordered before all local mount points marked with
|
|
\fBauto\fR
|
|
(see above)\&. It can be used to execute certain units before all local mounts\&.
|
|
.RE
|
|
.PP
|
|
network\&.target
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
This unit is supposed to indicate when network functionality is available, but it is only very weakly defined what that is supposed to mean, with one exception: at shutdown, a unit that is ordered after
|
|
network\&.target
|
|
will be stopped before the network \-\- to whatever level it might be set up then \-\- is shut down\&. It is hence useful when writing service files that require network access on shutdown, which should order themselves after this target, but not pull it in\&. Also see
|
|
\m[blue]\fBRunning Services After the Network is up\fR\m[]\&\s-2\u[1]\d\s+2
|
|
for more information\&. Also see
|
|
network\-online\&.target
|
|
described above\&.
|
|
.sp
|
|
systemd automatically adds dependencies of type
|
|
\fIAfter=\fR
|
|
for this target unit to all SysV init script service units with an LSB header referring to the
|
|
"$network"
|
|
facility\&.
|
|
.RE
|
|
.PP
|
|
network\-pre\&.target
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
This passive target unit may be pulled in by services that want to run before any network is set up, for example for the purpose of setting up a firewall\&. All network management software orders itself after this target, but does not pull it in\&.
|
|
.RE
|
|
.PP
|
|
nss\-lookup\&.target
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
A target that should be used as synchronization point for all host/network name service lookups\&. Note that this is independent of user/group name lookups for which
|
|
nss\-user\-lookup\&.target
|
|
should be used\&. All services for which the availability of full host/network name resolution is essential should be ordered after this target, but not pull it in\&. systemd automatically adds dependencies of type
|
|
\fIAfter=\fR
|
|
for this target unit to all SysV init script service units with an LSB header referring to the
|
|
"$named"
|
|
facility\&.
|
|
.RE
|
|
.PP
|
|
nss\-user\-lookup\&.target
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
A target that should be used as synchronization point for all user/group name service lookups\&. Note that this is independent of host/network name lookups for which
|
|
nss\-lookup\&.target
|
|
should be used\&. All services for which the availability of the full user/group database is essential should be ordered after this target, but not pull it in\&. Note that system users are always resolvable, and hence do not require any special ordering against this target\&.
|
|
.RE
|
|
.PP
|
|
remote\-fs\-pre\&.target
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
This target unit is automatically ordered before all remote mount point units (see above)\&. It can be used to run certain units before the remote mounts are established\&. Note that this unit is generally not part of the initial transaction, unless the unit that wants to be ordered before all remote mounts pulls it in via a
|
|
\fIWants=\fR
|
|
type dependency\&. If the unit wants to be pulled in by the first remote mount showing up, it should use
|
|
network\-online\&.target
|
|
(see above)\&.
|
|
.RE
|
|
.PP
|
|
rpcbind\&.target
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
The portmapper/rpcbind pulls in this target and orders itself before it, to indicate its availability\&. systemd automatically adds dependencies of type
|
|
\fIAfter=\fR
|
|
for this target unit to all SysV init script service units with an LSB header referring to the
|
|
"$portmap"
|
|
facility\&.
|
|
.RE
|
|
.PP
|
|
time\-sync\&.target
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
Services responsible for synchronizing the system clock from a remote source (such as NTP client implementations) should pull in this target and order themselves before it\&. All services where correct time is essential should be ordered after this unit, but not pull it in\&. systemd automatically adds dependencies of type
|
|
\fIAfter=\fR
|
|
for this target unit to all SysV init script service units with an LSB header referring to the
|
|
"$time"
|
|
facility\&.
|
|
.RE
|
|
.SH "SPECIAL USER UNITS"
|
|
.PP
|
|
When systemd runs as a user instance, the following special units are available, which have similar definitions as their system counterparts:
|
|
default\&.target,
|
|
shutdown\&.target,
|
|
sockets\&.target,
|
|
timers\&.target,
|
|
paths\&.target,
|
|
bluetooth\&.target,
|
|
printer\&.target,
|
|
smartcard\&.target,
|
|
sound\&.target\&.
|
|
.PP
|
|
In addition, the following special unit is understood only when systemd runs as service instance:
|
|
.PP
|
|
exit\&.target
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
A special service unit for shutting down the user service manager\&.
|
|
.sp
|
|
Applications wanting to terminate the user service manager should start this unit\&. If systemd receives
|
|
\fBSIGTERM\fR
|
|
or
|
|
\fBSIGINT\fR
|
|
when running as user service daemon, it will start this unit\&.
|
|
.sp
|
|
Normally, this pulls in
|
|
shutdown\&.target
|
|
which in turn should be conflicted by all units that want to be shut down on user service manager exit\&.
|
|
.RE
|
|
.SH "SPECIAL SLICE UNITS"
|
|
.PP
|
|
There are four
|
|
"\&.slice"
|
|
units which form the basis of the hierarchy for assignment of resources for services, users, and virtual machines or containers\&.
|
|
.PP
|
|
\-\&.slice
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
The root slice is the root of the hierarchy\&. It usually does not contain units directly, but may be used to set defaults for the whole tree\&.
|
|
.RE
|
|
.PP
|
|
system\&.slice
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
By default, all services services started by
|
|
\fBsystemd\fR
|
|
are found in this slice\&.
|
|
.RE
|
|
.PP
|
|
user\&.slice
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
By default, all user processes and services started on behalf of the user, including the per\-user systemd instance are found in this slice\&.
|
|
.RE
|
|
.PP
|
|
machine\&.slice
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
By default, all virtual machines and containers registered with
|
|
\fBsystemd\-machined\fR
|
|
are found in this slice\&.
|
|
.RE
|
|
.SH "SEE ALSO"
|
|
.PP
|
|
\fBsystemd\fR(1),
|
|
\fBsystemd.unit\fR(5),
|
|
\fBsystemd.service\fR(5),
|
|
\fBsystemd.socket\fR(5),
|
|
\fBsystemd.target\fR(5),
|
|
\fBsystemd.slice\fR(5),
|
|
\fBbootup\fR(7),
|
|
\fBsystemd-fstab-generator\fR(8)
|
|
.SH "NOTES"
|
|
.IP " 1." 4
|
|
Running Services After the Network is up
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
\%http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/NetworkTarget
|
|
.RE
|
|
.IP " 2." 4
|
|
Syslog Interface
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
\%http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/syslog
|
|
.RE
|
|
.IP " 3." 4
|
|
System Updates Specification
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
\%http://freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/SystemUpdates
|
|
.RE
|