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pveum: language fixup

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language cleanup with some minor formatting fixes

Signed-off-by: Dylan Whyte <d.whyte@proxmox.com>
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Dylan Whyte 2021-10-01 17:30:49 +02:00 committed by Thomas Lamprecht
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@ -27,12 +27,12 @@ endif::manvolnum[]
// Copied from pve wiki: Revision as of 16:10, 27 October 2015 // Copied from pve wiki: Revision as of 16:10, 27 October 2015
Proxmox VE supports multiple authentication sources, e.g. Linux PAM, {pve} supports multiple authentication sources, for example Linux PAM,
an integrated Proxmox VE authentication server, LDAP, Microsoft Active an integrated Proxmox VE authentication server, LDAP, Microsoft Active
Directory and OpenId Connect. Directory and OpenID Connect.
By using the role based user- and permission management for all By using role-based user and permission management for all objects (VMs,
objects (VMs, storages, nodes, etc.) granular access can be defined. Storage, nodes, etc.), granular access can be defined.
[[pveum_users]] [[pveum_users]]
@ -40,9 +40,9 @@ Users
----- -----
{pve} stores user attributes in `/etc/pve/user.cfg`. {pve} stores user attributes in `/etc/pve/user.cfg`.
Passwords are not stored here, users are instead associated with Passwords are not stored here; users are instead associated with the
<<pveum_authentication_realms,authentication realms>> described below. <<pveum_authentication_realms,authentication realms>> described below.
Therefore a user is internally often identified by its name and Therefore, a user is often internally identified by their username and
realm in the form `<userid>@<realm>`. realm in the form `<userid>@<realm>`.
Each user entry in this file contains the following information: Each user entry in this file contains the following information:
@ -51,14 +51,14 @@ Each user entry in this file contains the following information:
* Last name * Last name
* E-mail address * E-mail address
* Group memberships * Group memberships
* An optional Expiration date * An optional expiration date
* A comment or note about this user * A comment or note about this user
* Whether this user is enabled or disabled * Whether this user is enabled or disabled
* Optional two-factor authentication keys * Optional two-factor authentication keys
CAUTION: When you disabled or delete a user, or the expiry date got set and is CAUTION: When you disable or delete a user, or if the expiry date set is
in the past, this user will not be able to log in to new sessions or start new in the past, this user will not be able to log in to new sessions or start new
tasks. All tasks which already have been started by this user (for example tasks. All tasks which have already been started by this user (for example,
terminal sessions) will **not** be terminated automatically by any such event. terminal sessions) will **not** be terminated automatically by any such event.
@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ System administrator
The system's root user can always log in via the Linux PAM realm and is an The system's root user can always log in via the Linux PAM realm and is an
unconfined administrator. This user cannot be deleted, but attributes can unconfined administrator. This user cannot be deleted, but attributes can
still be changed and system mails will be sent to the email address still be changed. System mails will be sent to the email address
assigned to this user. assigned to this user.
@ -75,27 +75,27 @@ assigned to this user.
Groups Groups
------ ------
Each user can be member of several groups. Groups are the preferred Each user can be a member of several groups. Groups are the preferred
way to organize access permissions. You should always grant permission way to organize access permissions. You should always grant permissions
to groups instead of using individual users. That way you will get a to groups instead of individual users. That way you will get a
much shorter access control list which is easier to handle. much more maintainable access control list.
[[pveum_tokens]] [[pveum_tokens]]
API Tokens API Tokens
---------- ----------
API tokens allow stateless access to most parts of the REST API by another API tokens allow stateless access to most parts of the REST API from another
system, software or API client. Tokens can be generated for individual users system, software or API client. Tokens can be generated for individual users
and can be given separate permissions and expiration dates to limit the scope and can be given separate permissions and expiration dates to limit the scope
and duration of the access. Should the API token get compromised it can be and duration of the access. Should the API token get compromised, it can be
revoked without disabling the user itself. revoked without disabling the user itself.
API tokens come in two basic types: API tokens come in two basic types:
* separated privileges: the token needs to be given explicit access with ACLs, * Separated privileges: The token needs to be given explicit access with ACLs.
its effective permissions are calculated by intersecting user and token Its effective permissions are calculated by intersecting user and token
permissions. permissions.
* full privileges: the token permissions are identical to that of the * Full privileges: The token's permissions are identical to that of the
associated user. associated user.
CAUTION: The token value is only displayed/returned once when the token is CAUTION: The token value is only displayed/returned once when the token is
@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ generated. It cannot be retrieved again over the API at a later time!
To use an API token, set the HTTP header 'Authorization' to the displayed value To use an API token, set the HTTP header 'Authorization' to the displayed value
of the form `PVEAPIToken=USER@REALM!TOKENID=UUID` when making API requests, or of the form `PVEAPIToken=USER@REALM!TOKENID=UUID` when making API requests, or
refer to your API client documentation. refer to your API client's documentation.
[[pveum_resource_pools]] [[pveum_resource_pools]]
Resource Pools Resource Pools
@ -115,9 +115,9 @@ A resource pool is a set of virtual machines, containers, and storage
devices. It is useful for permission handling in cases where certain users devices. It is useful for permission handling in cases where certain users
should have controlled access to a specific set of resources, as it allows for a should have controlled access to a specific set of resources, as it allows for a
single permission to be applied to a set of elements, rather than having to single permission to be applied to a set of elements, rather than having to
manage this on a per resource basis. Resource pools are often used in tandem manage this on a per-resource basis. Resource pools are often used in tandem
with groups so that the members of a group have permissions on a set of machines with groups, so that the members of a group have permissions on a set of
and storage. machines and storage.
[[pveum_authentication_realms]] [[pveum_authentication_realms]]
Authentication Realms Authentication Realms
@ -128,8 +128,8 @@ realm, the realms have to be configured in `/etc/pve/domains.cfg`.
The following realms (authentication methods) are available: The following realms (authentication methods) are available:
Linux PAM standard authentication:: Linux PAM standard authentication::
In this case a system user has to exist (e.g. created via the `adduser` In this case, a system user must exist (for example, created via the `adduser`
command) on all nodes the user is allowed to login, and the user command) on each node which the user is allowed to log in, and the user
authenticates with their usual system password. authenticates with their usual system password.
+ +
[source,bash] [source,bash]
@ -141,24 +141,24 @@ usermod -a -G watchman heinz
---- ----
Proxmox VE authentication server:: Proxmox VE authentication server::
This is a unix like password store (`/etc/pve/priv/shadow.cfg`). This is a Unix-like password store (`/etc/pve/priv/shadow.cfg`).
Password are encrypted using the SHA-256 hash method. Passwords are encrypted using the SHA-256 hashing algorithm.
This is the most convenient method for small (or even medium) This is the most convenient method for small-scale (or even mid-scale)
installations where users do not need access to anything outside of installations, where users do not need access to anything outside of
{pve}. In this case users are fully managed by {pve} and are able to {pve}. In this case, users are fully managed by {pve} and are able to
change their own passwords via the GUI. change their own passwords via the GUI.
LDAP:: LDAP::
It is possible to authenticate users via an LDAP server (e.g. It is possible to authenticate users via an LDAP server (for example,
openldap). The server and an optional fallback server can be openldap). A server and optional fallback server can be
configured and the connection can be encrypted via SSL. configured, and the connection can be encrypted via SSL.
+ +
Users are searched under a 'Base Domain Name' (`base_dn`), with the Users are searched under a 'Base Domain Name' (`base_dn`), with the
username found in the attribute specified in the 'User Attribute Name' username found in the attribute specified in the 'User Attribute Name'
(`user_attr`) field. (`user_attr`) field.
+ +
For instance, if a user is represented via the For instance, if a user is represented via the
following ldif dataset: following LDIF dataset:
+ +
---- ----
# user1 of People at ldap-test.com # user1 of People at ldap-test.com
@ -180,38 +180,38 @@ If {pve} needs to authenticate (bind) to the LDAP server before being
able to query and authenticate users, a bind domain name can be able to query and authenticate users, a bind domain name can be
configured via the `bind_dn` property in `/etc/pve/domains.cfg`. Its configured via the `bind_dn` property in `/etc/pve/domains.cfg`. Its
password then has to be stored in `/etc/pve/priv/ldap/<realmname>.pw` password then has to be stored in `/etc/pve/priv/ldap/<realmname>.pw`
(e.g. `/etc/pve/priv/ldap/my-ldap.pw`). This file should contain a (for example, `/etc/pve/priv/ldap/my-ldap.pw`). This file should contain a
single line containing the raw password. single line with the raw password.
+ +
To verify certificates, you need to to set `capath`. You can set it either To verify certificates, you need to set `capath`. You can set it either
directly to the CA certificate of your LDAP server, or to the system path directly to the CA certificate of your LDAP server, or to the system path
containing all trusted CA certificates (`/etc/ssl/certs`). containing all trusted CA certificates (`/etc/ssl/certs`).
Additionally, you need to set the `verify` option, which can also be done over Additionally, you need to set the `verify` option, which can also be done over
the web interface. the web interface.
Microsoft Active Directory:: NOTE: In order to allow a particular user to authenticate using the LDAP server,
you must also add them as a user of that realm from the {pve} server.
A server and authentication domain need to be specified. Like with LDAP, an A server and authentication domain need to be specified. Like with LDAP, an
optional fallback server, port, and SSL encryption can be configured. optional fallback server, port, and SSL encryption can be configured.
OpenId Connect:: OpenID Connect::
OpenID Connect allows clients to verify the identity of the user based OpenID Connect allows clients to verify the identity of the user, based on
on the authentication performed by an external authorization authentication performed by an external authorization server.
server.
[[pveum_openid]] [[pveum_openid]]
OpenId Connect OpenID Connect
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The main OpenID Connect configuration options are: The main OpenID Connect configuration options are:
* `issuer-url`: This is the Url to the authorization server. Proxmox * `issuer-url`: This is the URL to the authorization server. Proxmox
uses the OpenID Connect Discovery protocol to automatiocally configure uses the OpenID Connect Discovery protocol to automatically configure
further details. further details.
+ +
While it is possible to use unencrypted `http://` Urls, we strongly recommend to While it is possible to use unencrypted `http://` URLs, we strongly recommend to
use encrypted `https://` connections. use encrypted `https://` connections.
* `client-id`: OpenID Client ID. * `client-id`: OpenID Client ID.
@ -230,54 +230,54 @@ users.
Username mapping Username mapping
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
The Openid Connect specification defines a single unique attribute The OpenID Connect specification defines a single unique attribute
('claim' in OpenId terms) named `subject`. By default, we use the ('claim' in OpenID terms) named `subject`. By default, we use the
value of this attribute to generate {pve} usernames, by simple adding value of this attribute to generate {pve} usernames, by simple adding
`@` and the realm name: `${subject}@${realm}`. `@` and the realm name: `${subject}@${realm}`.
Unfortunately, most OpenID server use random strings for `subject`, like Unfortunately, most OpenID servers use random strings for `subject`, like
`DGH76OKH34BNG3245SB`, so a typical username would look like `DGH76OKH34BNG3245SB`, so a typical username would look like
`DGH76OKH34BNG3245SB@yourrealm`. While unique, it is really hard for `DGH76OKH34BNG3245SB@yourrealm`. While unique, it is difficult for
humans to remember such random strings, making it quite impossible to humans to remember such random strings, making it quite impossible to
associate real users with that. associate real users with this.
The `username-claim` setting allows you to use other attributes for The `username-claim` setting allows you to use other attributes for
the username mapping. Setting it to `username` is preferred, if the the username mapping. Setting it to `username` is preferred if the
OpenId Connect server provides that attribute and guarantee its OpenID Connect server provides that attribute and guarantees its
uniqueness. uniqueness.
Another option is to use `email`, which also yields to human readable Another option is to use `email`, which also yields human readable
usernames. Again, only use this setting if the server guarantees the usernames. Again, only use this setting if the server guarantees the
uniqueness of this attribute. uniqueness of this attribute.
Examples Examples
^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^
Here is an example to create an OpenId realm using Google. You need to Here is an example of creating an OpenID realm using Google. You need to
replace `--client-id` and `--client-key` with the values replace `--client-id` and `--client-key` with the values
from your Google OpenId settings. from your Google OpenID settings.
---- ----
pveum realm add myrealm1 --type openid --issuer-url https://accounts.google.com --client-id XXXX --client-key YYYY --username-claim email pveum realm add myrealm1 --type openid --issuer-url https://accounts.google.com --client-id XXXX --client-key YYYY --username-claim email
---- ----
Above setup uses `--username-claim email`, so the usernames at the The above command uses `--username-claim email`, so that the usernames on the
{pve} side looks like `example.user@google.com@myrealm1`. {pve} side look like `example.user@google.com@myrealm1`.
KeyCloak (https://www.keycloak.org/) is a popular Open Source Identity Keycloak (https://www.keycloak.org/) is a popular open source Identity
and Access Management supporting OpenId Connect. In the following and Access Management tool, which supports OpenID Connect. In the following
example, you need to replace the `--issuer-url` and `--client-id` with example, you need to replace the `--issuer-url` and `--client-id` with
your setting: your information:
---- ----
pveum realm add myrealm2 --type openid --issuer-url https://your.server:8080/auth/realms/your-realm --client-id XXX --username-claim username pveum realm add myrealm2 --type openid --issuer-url https://your.server:8080/auth/realms/your-realm --client-id XXX --username-claim username
---- ----
Using `--username-claim username` yields to simple usernames on the Using `--username-claim username` enables simple usernames on the
{pve} side, like `example.user@myrealm2`. {pve} side, like `example.user@myrealm2`.
WARNING: You need to make sure that the user is not allowed to edit WARNING: You need to ensure that the user is not allowed to edit
the username setting himself (on the Keycloak server). the username setting themselves (on the Keycloak server).
[[pveum_ldap_sync]] [[pveum_ldap_sync]]
@ -286,27 +286,28 @@ Syncing LDAP-based realms
[thumbnail="screenshot/gui-datacenter-realm-add-ldap.png"] [thumbnail="screenshot/gui-datacenter-realm-add-ldap.png"]
It is possible to sync users and groups for LDAP based realms. You can use the It is possible to sync users and groups for LDAP-based realms. You can use the
CLI command following CLI command:
---- ----
pveum realm sync <realm> pveum realm sync <realm>
---- ----
or in the `Authentication` panel of the GUI. Users and groups are synced to the
or the `Authentication` panel of the GUI. Users and groups are synced to the
cluster-wide user configuration file `/etc/pve/user.cfg`. cluster-wide user configuration file `/etc/pve/user.cfg`.
Requirements and limitations Requirements and limitations
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
The `bind_dn` is used to query the users and groups. This account needs access The `bind_dn` is used to query users and groups. This account needs access
to all desired entries. to all desired entries.
The fields which represent the names of the users and groups can be configured The fields which represent the names of the users and groups can be configured
via the `user_attr` and `group_name_attr` respectively. Only entries which via the `user_attr` and `group_name_attr` respectively. Only entries which
adhere to the usual character limitations of the user.cfg are synced. adhere to the usual character limitations of the `user.cfg` are synced.
Groups are synced with `-$realm` attached to the name, to avoid naming Groups are synced with `-$realm` attached to the name, in order to avoid naming
conflicts. Please make sure that a sync does not overwrite manually created conflicts. Please ensure that a sync does not overwrite manually created
groups. groups.
[[pveum_ldap_sync_options]] [[pveum_ldap_sync_options]]
@ -318,14 +319,14 @@ Options
The main options for syncing are: The main options for syncing are:
* `dry-run`: No data is written to the config. This is useful if you want to * `dry-run`: No data is written to the config. This is useful if you want to
see which users and groups would get synced to the user.cfg. This is set see which users and groups would get synced to the `user.cfg`. This is set
when you click `Preview` in the GUI. when you click `Preview` in the GUI.
* `enable-new`: If set, the newly synced users are enabled and can log in. * `enable-new`: If set, the newly synced users are enabled and can log in.
The default is `true`. The default is `true`.
* `full`: If set, the sync uses the LDAP Directory as a source of truth, * `full`: If set, the sync uses the LDAP directory as a source of truth,
overwriting information set manually in the user.cfg and deletes users overwriting information set manually in the `user.cfg` and deleting users
and groups which are not present in the LDAP directory. If not set, and groups which are not present in the LDAP directory. If not set,
only new data is written to the config, and no stale users are deleted. only new data is written to the config, and no stale users are deleted.
@ -335,46 +336,46 @@ The main options for syncing are:
* `scope`: The scope of what to sync. It can be either `users`, `groups` or * `scope`: The scope of what to sync. It can be either `users`, `groups` or
`both`. `both`.
These options are either set as parameters or as defaults, via the These options are either set as parameters or as defaults via the
realm option `sync-defaults-options`. realm option `sync-defaults-options`.
[[pveum_tfa_auth]] [[pveum_tfa_auth]]
Two-factor authentication Two-Factor Authentication
------------------------- -------------------------
There are two ways to use two-factor authentication: There are two ways to use two-factor authentication:
It can be required by the authentication realm, either via 'TOTP' It can be required by the authentication realm, either via 'TOTP'
(Time-based One-Time Password) or 'YubiKey OTP'. In this case a newly (Time-based One-Time Password) or 'YubiKey OTP'. In this case, a newly
created user needs their keys added immediately as there is no way to created user needs to have their keys added immediately, as there is no way to
log in without the second factor. In the case of 'TOTP', users can log in without the second factor. In the case of 'TOTP', users can
also change the 'TOTP' later on, provided they can log in first. also change the 'TOTP' later on, provided they can log in first.
Alternatively, users can choose to opt in to two-factor authentication Alternatively, users can choose to opt-in to two-factor authentication
via 'TOTP' later on, even if the realm does not enforce it. As another via 'TOTP' later on, even if the realm does not enforce it. As another
option, if the server has an 'AppId' configured, a user can opt into option, if the server has an 'AppId' configured, a user can opt-in to
'U2F' authentication, provided the realm does not enforce any other 'U2F' authentication, provided the realm does not enforce any other
second factor. second factor.
Realm enforced two-factor authentication Realm Enforced Two-Factor Authentication
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
This can be done by selecting one of the available methods via the This can be done by selecting one of the available methods via the
'TFA' dropdown box when adding or editing an Authentication Realm. 'TFA' dropdown box when adding or editing an Authentication Realm.
When a realm has TFA enabled it becomes a requirement and only users When a realm has TFA enabled, it becomes a requirement, and only users
with configured TFA will be able to log in. with configured TFA will be able to log in.
Currently there are two methods available: Currently there are two methods available:
Time-based OATH (TOTP):: This uses the standard HMAC-SHA1 algorithm Time-based OATH (TOTP):: This uses the standard HMAC-SHA1 algorithm,
where the current time is hashed with the user's configured key. The where the current time is hashed with the user's configured key. The
time step and password length parameters are configured. time step and password length parameters are configurable.
+ +
A user can have multiple keys configured (separated by spaces), and the keys A user can have multiple keys configured (separated by spaces), and the keys
can be specified in Base32 (RFC3548) or hexadecimal notation. can be specified in Base32 (RFC3548) or hexadecimal notation.
+ +
{pve} provides a key generation tool (`oathkeygen`) which prints out a random {pve} provides a key generation tool (`oathkeygen`) which prints out a random
key in Base32 notation which can be used directly with various OTP tools, such key in Base32 notation, that can be used directly with various OTP tools, such
as the `oathtool` command line tool, or on Android Google Authenticator, as the `oathtool` command line tool, or on Android Google Authenticator,
FreeOTP, andOTP or similar applications. FreeOTP, andOTP or similar applications.
@ -382,86 +383,84 @@ YubiKey OTP::
For authenticating via a YubiKey a Yubico API ID, API KEY and validation For authenticating via a YubiKey a Yubico API ID, API KEY and validation
server URL must be configured, and users must have a YubiKey available. In server URL must be configured, and users must have a YubiKey available. In
order to get the key ID from a YubiKey, you can trigger the YubiKey once order to get the key ID from a YubiKey, you can trigger the YubiKey once
after connecting it to USB and copy the first 12 characters of the typed after connecting it via USB, and copy the first 12 characters of the typed
password into the user's 'Key IDs' field. password into the user's 'Key IDs' field.
+
Please refer to the https://developers.yubico.com/OTP/[YubiKey OTP] Please refer to the https://developers.yubico.com/OTP/[YubiKey OTP]
documentation for how to use the documentation for how to use the
https://www.yubico.com/products/services-software/yubicloud/[YubiCloud] or https://www.yubico.com/products/services-software/yubicloud/[YubiCloud] or
https://developers.yubico.com/Software_Projects/Yubico_OTP/YubiCloud_Validation_Servers/[host https://developers.yubico.com/Software_Projects/Yubico_OTP/YubiCloud_Validation_Servers/[host your own verification server].
your own verification server].
[[pveum_user_configured_totp]] [[pveum_user_configured_totp]]
User configured TOTP authentication User Configured TOTP Authentication
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Users can choose to enable 'TOTP' as a second factor on login via the 'TFA' Users can choose to enable 'TOTP' as a second factor on login, via the 'TFA'
button in the user list (unless the realm enforces 'YubiKey OTP'). button in the user list (unless the realm enforces 'YubiKey OTP').
[thumbnail="screenshot/gui-datacenter-users-tfa.png"] [thumbnail="screenshot/gui-datacenter-users-tfa.png"]
After opening the 'TFA' window, the user is presented with a dialog to set up After opening the 'TFA' window, the user is presented with a dialog to set up
'TOTP' authentication. The 'Secret' field contains the key, which can simply be 'TOTP' authentication. The 'Secret' field contains the key, which can be
generated randomly via the 'Randomize' button. An optional 'Issuer Name' can be randomly generated via the 'Randomize' button. An optional 'Issuer Name' can be
added to provide information to the 'TOTP' app what the key belongs to. added to provide information to the 'TOTP' app about what the key belongs to.
Most 'TOTP' apps will show the issuer name together with the corresponding Most 'TOTP' apps will show the issuer name together with the corresponding
'OTP' values. The username is also included in the QR code for the 'TOTP' app. 'OTP' values. The username is also included in the QR code for the 'TOTP' app.
After generating a key, a QR code will be displayed which can be used with most After generating a key, a QR code will be displayed, which can be used with most
OTP apps such as FreeOTP. Now the user needs to verify both the current user OTP apps such as FreeOTP. The user then needs to verify the current user
password (unless logged in as 'root'), as well as the ability to correctly use password (unless logged in as 'root'), as well as the ability to correctly use
the 'TOTP' key by typing the current 'OTP' value into the 'Verification Code' the 'TOTP' key, by typing the current 'OTP' value into the 'Verification Code'
field before pressing the 'Apply' button. field and pressing the 'Apply' button.
[[pveum_configure_u2f]] [[pveum_configure_u2f]]
Server side U2F configuration Server Side U2F Configuration
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
To allow users to use 'U2F' authentication, it may be necessary to use a valid To allow users to use 'U2F' authentication, it may be necessary to use a valid
domain with a valid https certificate, otherwise some browsers may print domain with a valid SSL certificate, otherwise, some browsers may print
a warning or reject U2F usage altogether. Initially an 'AppId' a warning or reject U2F usage altogether. Initially, an 'AppId'
footnote:[AppId https://developers.yubico.com/U2F/App_ID.html] footnote:[AppId https://developers.yubico.com/U2F/App_ID.html]
needs to be configured. needs to be configured.
NOTE: Changing the 'AppId' will render all existing 'U2F' registrations NOTE: Changing the 'AppId' will render all existing 'U2F' registrations
unusable! unusable!
This is done via `/etc/pve/datacenter.cfg`, for instance: This is done via `/etc/pve/datacenter.cfg`. For instance:
---- ----
u2f: appid=https://mypve.example.com:8006 u2f: appid=https://mypve.example.com:8006
---- ----
For a single node, the 'AppId' can simply be the web UI address exactly as it For a single node, the 'AppId' can simply be the address of the web-interface,
is used in the browser, including the 'https://' and the port as shown above. exactly as it is used in the browser, including the 'https://' and the port, as
Please note that some browsers may be more strict than others when matching shown above. Please note that some browsers may be more strict than others when
'AppIds'. matching 'AppIds'.
When using multiple nodes, it is best to have a separate `https` server When using multiple nodes, it is best to have a separate `https` server
providing an `appid.json` providing an `appid.json`
footnote:[Multi-facet apps: https://developers.yubico.com/U2F/App_ID.html] footnote:[Multi-facet apps: https://developers.yubico.com/U2F/App_ID.html]
file, as it seems to be compatible with most file, as it seems to be compatible with most
browsers. If all nodes use subdomains of the same top level domain, it may be browsers. If all nodes use subdomains of the same top level domain, it may be
enough to use the TLD as 'AppId', but note that some browsers may not accept enough to use the TLD as 'AppId'. It should however be noted that some browsers
this. may not accept this.
NOTE: A bad 'AppId' will usually produce an error, but we have encountered NOTE: A bad 'AppId' will usually produce an error, but we have encountered
situation where this does not happen, particularly when using a top level domain situations when this does not happen, particularly when using a top level domain
'AppId' for a node accessed via a subdomain in Chromium. For this reason it is 'AppId' for a node that is accessed via a subdomain in Chromium. For this reason
recommended to test the configuration with multiple browsers, as changing the it is recommended to test the configuration with multiple browsers, as changing
'AppId' later will render existing 'U2F' registrations unusable. the 'AppId' later will render existing 'U2F' registrations unusable.
[[pveum_user_configured_u2f]] [[pveum_user_configured_u2f]]
Activating U2F as a user Activating U2F as a User
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
To enable 'U2F' authentication, open the 'TFA' window's 'U2F' tab, type in the To enable 'U2F' authentication, open the 'TFA' window's 'U2F' tab, type in the
current password (unless logged in as root), and press the 'Register' button. current password (unless logged in as root), and press the 'Register' button.
If the server is setup correctly and the browser accepted the server's provided If the server is set up correctly and the browser accepts the server's provided
'AppId', a message will appear prompting the user to press the button on the 'AppId', a message will appear prompting the user to press the button on the
'U2F' device (if it is a 'YubiKey' the button light should be toggling off and 'U2F' device (if it is a 'YubiKey', the button light should be toggling on and
on steadily around twice per second). off steadily, roughly twice per second).
Firefox users may need to enable 'security.webauth.u2f' via 'about:config' Firefox users may need to enable 'security.webauth.u2f' via 'about:config'
before they can use a 'U2F' token. before they can use a 'U2F' token.
@ -471,12 +470,12 @@ Permission Management
--------------------- ---------------------
In order for a user to perform an action (such as listing, modifying or In order for a user to perform an action (such as listing, modifying or
deleting a parts of a VM configuration), the user needs to have the deleting parts of a VM's configuration), the user needs to have the
appropriate permissions. appropriate permissions.
{pve} uses a role and path based permission management system. An entry in {pve} uses a role and path based permission management system. An entry in
the permissions table allows a user, group or token to take on a specific role the permissions table allows a user, group or token to take on a specific role
when accessing an 'object' or 'path'. This means an such an access rule can when accessing an 'object' or 'path'. This means that such an access rule can
be represented as a triple of '(path, user, role)', '(path, group, be represented as a triple of '(path, user, role)', '(path, group,
role)' or '(path, token, role)', with the role containing a set of allowed role)' or '(path, token, role)', with the role containing a set of allowed
actions, and the path representing the target of these actions. actions, and the path representing the target of these actions.
@ -487,36 +486,36 @@ Roles
~~~~~ ~~~~~
A role is simply a list of privileges. Proxmox VE comes with a number A role is simply a list of privileges. Proxmox VE comes with a number
of predefined roles which satisfies most needs. of predefined roles, which satisfy most requirements.
* `Administrator`: has all privileges * `Administrator`: has full privileges
* `NoAccess`: has no privileges (used to forbid access) * `NoAccess`: has no privileges (used to forbid access)
* `PVEAdmin`: can do most things, but miss rights to modify system settings (`Sys.PowerMgmt`, `Sys.Modify`, `Realm.Allocate`). * `PVEAdmin`: can do most tasks, but has no rights to modify system settings (`Sys.PowerMgmt`, `Sys.Modify`, `Realm.Allocate`)
* `PVEAuditor`: read only access * `PVEAuditor`: has read only access
* `PVEDatastoreAdmin`: create and allocate backup space and templates * `PVEDatastoreAdmin`: create and allocate backup space and templates
* `PVEDatastoreUser`: allocate backup space and view storage * `PVEDatastoreUser`: allocate backup space and view storage
* `PVEPoolAdmin`: allocate pools * `PVEPoolAdmin`: allocate pools
* `PVESysAdmin`: User ACLs, audit, system console and system logs * `PVESysAdmin`: User ACLs, audit, system console and system logs
* `PVETemplateUser`: view and clone templates * `PVETemplateUser`: view and clone templates
* `PVEUserAdmin`: user administration * `PVEUserAdmin`: manage users
* `PVEVMAdmin`: fully administer VMs * `PVEVMAdmin`: fully administer VMs
* `PVEVMUser`: view, backup, config CD-ROM, VM console, VM power management * `PVEVMUser`: view, backup, configure CD-ROM, VM console, VM power management
You can see the whole set of predefined roles on the GUI. You can see the whole set of predefined roles in the GUI.
Adding new roles can be done via both GUI and the command line. You can add new roles via the GUI or the command line.
[thumbnail="screenshot/gui-datacenter-role-add.png"] [thumbnail="screenshot/gui-datacenter-role-add.png"]
For the GUI just navigate to 'Permissions -> User' Tab from 'Datacenter' and From the GUI, navigate to the 'Permissions -> Roles' tab from 'Datacenter' and
click on the 'Create' button, there you can set a name and select all desired click on the 'Create' button. There you can set a role name and select any
roles from the 'Privileges' dropdown box. desired privileges from the 'Privileges' drop-down menu.
To add a role through the command line you can use the 'pveum' CLI tool, like To add a role through the command line, you can use the 'pveum' CLI tool, for
this: example:
[source,bash] [source,bash]
---- ----
pveum roleadd PVE_Power-only -privs "VM.PowerMgmt VM.Console" pveum role add PVE_Power-only --privs "VM.PowerMgmt VM.Console"
pveum roleadd Sys_Power-only -privs "Sys.PowerMgmt Sys.Console" pveum role add Sys_Power-only --privs "Sys.PowerMgmt Sys.Console"
---- ----
@ -525,29 +524,29 @@ Privileges
A privilege is the right to perform a specific action. To simplify A privilege is the right to perform a specific action. To simplify
management, lists of privileges are grouped into roles, which can then management, lists of privileges are grouped into roles, which can then
be used in the permission table. Note that privileges cannot directly be be used in the permission table. Note that privileges cannot be directly
assigned to users and paths without being part of a role. assigned to users and paths without being part of a role.
We currently use the following privileges: We currently support the following privileges:
Node / System related privileges:: Node / System related privileges::
* `Permissions.Modify`: modify access permissions * `Permissions.Modify`: modify access permissions
* `Sys.PowerMgmt`: Node power management (start, stop, reset, shutdown, ...) * `Sys.PowerMgmt`: node power management (start, stop, reset, shutdown, ...)
* `Sys.Console`: console access to Node * `Sys.Console`: console access to node
* `Sys.Syslog`: view Syslog * `Sys.Syslog`: view syslog
* `Sys.Audit`: view node status/config, Corosync cluster config and HA config * `Sys.Audit`: view node status/config, Corosync cluster config, and HA config
* `Sys.Modify`: create/remove/modify node network parameters * `Sys.Modify`: create/modify/remove node network parameters
* `Group.Allocate`: create/remove/modify groups * `Group.Allocate`: create/modify/remove groups
* `Pool.Allocate`: create/remove/modify a pool * `Pool.Allocate`: create/modify/remove a pool
* `Pool.Audit`: view a pool * `Pool.Audit`: view a pool
* `Realm.Allocate`: create/remove/modify authentication realms * `Realm.Allocate`: create/modify/remove authentication realms
* `Realm.AllocateUser`: assign user to a realm * `Realm.AllocateUser`: assign user to a realm
* `User.Modify`: create/remove/modify user access and details. * `User.Modify`: create/modify/remove user access and details.
Virtual machine related privileges:: Virtual machine related privileges::
* `VM.Allocate`: create/remove new VM to server inventory * `VM.Allocate`: create/remove VM on a server
* `VM.Migrate`: migrate VM to alternate server on cluster * `VM.Migrate`: migrate VM to alternate server on cluster
* `VM.PowerMgmt`: power management (start, stop, reset, shutdown, ...) * `VM.PowerMgmt`: power management (start, stop, reset, shutdown, ...)
* `VM.Console`: console access to VM * `VM.Console`: console access to VM
@ -555,37 +554,37 @@ Virtual machine related privileges::
* `VM.Backup`: backup/restore VMs * `VM.Backup`: backup/restore VMs
* `VM.Audit`: view VM config * `VM.Audit`: view VM config
* `VM.Clone`: clone/copy a VM * `VM.Clone`: clone/copy a VM
* `VM.Config.Disk`: add/modify/delete Disks * `VM.Config.Disk`: add/modify/remove disks
* `VM.Config.CDROM`: eject/change CD-ROM * `VM.Config.CDROM`: eject/change CD-ROM
* `VM.Config.CPU`: modify CPU settings * `VM.Config.CPU`: modify CPU settings
* `VM.Config.Memory`: modify Memory settings * `VM.Config.Memory`: modify memory settings
* `VM.Config.Network`: add/modify/delete Network devices * `VM.Config.Network`: add/modify/remove network devices
* `VM.Config.HWType`: modify emulated HW type * `VM.Config.HWType`: modify emulated hardware types
* `VM.Config.Options`: modify any other VM configuration * `VM.Config.Options`: modify any other VM configuration
* `VM.Snapshot`: create/remove VM snapshots * `VM.Snapshot`: create/delete VM snapshots
Storage related privileges:: Storage related privileges::
* `Datastore.Allocate`: create/remove/modify a data store, delete volumes * `Datastore.Allocate`: create/modify/remove a datastore and delete volumes
* `Datastore.AllocateSpace`: allocate space on a datastore * `Datastore.AllocateSpace`: allocate space on a datastore
* `Datastore.AllocateTemplate`: allocate/upload templates and iso images * `Datastore.AllocateTemplate`: allocate/upload templates and ISO images
* `Datastore.Audit`: view/browse a datastore * `Datastore.Audit`: view/browse a datastore
Objects and Paths Objects and Paths
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Access permissions are assigned to objects, such as a virtual machines, Access permissions are assigned to objects, such as virtual machines,
storages or pools of resources. storages or resource pools.
We use file system like paths to address these objects. These paths form a We use file system like paths to address these objects. These paths form a
natural tree, and permissions of higher levels (shorter path) can natural tree, and permissions of higher levels (shorter paths) can
optionally be propagated down within this hierarchy. optionally be propagated down within this hierarchy.
[[pveum_templated_paths]] [[pveum_templated_paths]]
Paths can be templated. When an API call requires permissions on a Paths can be templated. When an API call requires permissions on a
templated path, the path may contain references to parameters of the API templated path, the path may contain references to parameters of the API
call. These references are specified in curly braces. Some parameters are call. These references are specified in curly braces. Some parameters are
implicitly taken from the API call's URI. For instance the permission path implicitly taken from the API call's URI. For instance, the permission path
`/nodes/{node}` when calling '/nodes/mynode/status' requires permissions on `/nodes/{node}` when calling '/nodes/mynode/status' requires permissions on
`/nodes/mynode`, while the path `{path}` in a PUT request to `/access/acl` `/nodes/mynode`, while the path `{path}` in a PUT request to `/access/acl`
refers to the method's `path` parameter. refers to the method's `path` parameter.
@ -595,8 +594,8 @@ Some examples are:
* `/nodes/{node}`: Access to {pve} server machines * `/nodes/{node}`: Access to {pve} server machines
* `/vms`: Covers all VMs * `/vms`: Covers all VMs
* `/vms/{vmid}`: Access to specific VMs * `/vms/{vmid}`: Access to specific VMs
* `/storage/{storeid}`: Access to a storages * `/storage/{storeid}`: Access to a specific storage
* `/pool/{poolname}`: Access to VMs part of a <<pveum_pools,pool>> * `/pool/{poolname}`: Access to resources contained in a specific <<pveum_pools,pool>>
* `/access/groups`: Group administration * `/access/groups`: Group administration
* `/access/realms/{realmid}`: Administrative access to realms * `/access/realms/{realmid}`: Administrative access to realms
@ -605,33 +604,32 @@ Inheritance
^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^
As mentioned earlier, object paths form a file system like tree, and As mentioned earlier, object paths form a file system like tree, and
permissions can be inherited down that tree (the propagate flag is set permissions can be inherited by objects down that tree (the propagate flag is
by default). We use the following inheritance rules: set by default). We use the following inheritance rules:
* Permissions for individual users always replace group permissions. * Permissions for individual users always replace group permissions.
* Permissions for groups apply when the user is member of that group. * Permissions for groups apply when the user is member of that group.
* Permissions replace the ones inherited from an upper level. * Permissions on deeper levels replace those inherited from an upper level.
Additionally, privilege separated tokens can never have a permission on any Additionally, privilege separated tokens can never have permissions on any
given path that their associated user does not have. given path that their associated user does not have.
[[pveum_pools]] [[pveum_pools]]
Pools Pools
~~~~~ ~~~~~
Pools can be used to group a set of virtual machines and data Pools can be used to group a set of virtual machines and datastores. You can
stores. You can then simply set permissions on pools (`/pool/{poolid}`), then simply set permissions on pools (`/pool/{poolid}`), which are inherited by
which are inherited to all pool members. This is a great way simplify all pool members. This is a great way to simplify access control.
access control.
What permission do I need? Which Permissions Do I Need?
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The required API permissions are documented for each individual The required API permissions are documented for each individual
method, and can be found at https://pve.proxmox.com/pve-docs/api-viewer/ method, and can be found at https://pve.proxmox.com/pve-docs/api-viewer/.
The permissions are specified as a list which can be interpreted as a The permissions are specified as a list, which can be interpreted as a
tree of logic and access-check functions: tree of logic and access-check functions:
`["and", <subtests>...]` and `["or", <subtests>...]`:: `["and", <subtests>...]` and `["or", <subtests>...]`::
@ -647,7 +645,7 @@ API call's schema otherwise lists it as being optional.
`["userid-group", [ <privileges>... ], <options>...]`:: `["userid-group", [ <privileges>... ], <options>...]`::
The caller must have any of the listed privileges on `/access/groups`. In The caller must have any of the listed privileges on `/access/groups`. In
addition there are two possible checks depending on whether the addition, there are two possible checks, depending on whether the
`groups_param` option is set: `groups_param` option is set:
+ +
* `groups_param` is set: The API call has a non-optional `groups` parameter * `groups_param` is set: The API call has a non-optional `groups` parameter
@ -659,9 +657,9 @@ privileges (via the `/access/groups/<group>` path).
`["userid-param", "self"]`:: `["userid-param", "self"]`::
The value provided for the API call's `userid` parameter must refer to the The value provided for the API call's `userid` parameter must refer to the
user performing the action. (Usually in conjunction with `or`, to allow user performing the action (usually in conjunction with `or`, to allow
users to perform an action on themselves even if they don't have elevated users to perform an action on themselves, even if they don't have elevated
privileges.) privileges).
`["userid-param", "Realm.AllocateUser"]`:: `["userid-param", "Realm.AllocateUser"]`::
The user needs `Realm.AllocateUser` access to `/access/realm/<realm>`, with The user needs `Realm.AllocateUser` access to `/access/realm/<realm>`, with
@ -673,7 +671,7 @@ associated with a realm, since user IDs are passed in the form of
`["perm-modify", <path>]`:: `["perm-modify", <path>]`::
The `path` is a templated parameter (see The `path` is a templated parameter (see
<<pveum_templated_paths,Objects and Paths>>). The user needs either the <<pveum_templated_paths,Objects and Paths>>). The user needs either the
`Permissions.Modify` privilege, or, `Permissions.Modify` privilege or,
depending on the path, the following privileges as a possible substitute: depending on the path, the following privileges as a possible substitute:
+ +
* `/storage/...`: additionally requires 'Datastore.Allocate` * `/storage/...`: additionally requires 'Datastore.Allocate`
@ -691,7 +689,7 @@ a fully featured command line tool called `pveum` (short for ``**P**roxmox
line tools are wrappers around the API, so you can also access those line tools are wrappers around the API, so you can also access those
functions through the REST API. functions through the REST API.
Here are some simple usage examples. To show help type: Here are some simple usage examples. To show help, type:
[source,bash] [source,bash]
pveum pveum
@ -706,7 +704,7 @@ Create a new user:
[source,bash] [source,bash]
pveum user add testuser@pve -comment "Just a test" pveum user add testuser@pve -comment "Just a test"
Set or Change the password (not all realms support that): Set or change the password (not all realms support this):
[source,bash] [source,bash]
pveum passwd testuser@pve pveum passwd testuser@pve
@ -734,20 +732,20 @@ Real World Examples
Administrator Group Administrator Group
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
One of the most wanted features was the ability to define a group of It is possible that an administrator would want to create a group of users with
users with full administrator rights (without using the root account). full administrator rights (without using the root account).
Define the group: To do this, first define the group:
[source,bash] [source,bash]
pveum group add admin -comment "System Administrators" pveum group add admin -comment "System Administrators"
Then add the permission: Then assign the role:
[source,bash] [source,bash]
pveum acl modify / -group admin -role Administrator pveum acl modify / -group admin -role Administrator
You can finally add users to the new 'admin' group: Finally, you can add users to the new 'admin' group:
[source,bash] [source,bash]
pveum user modify testuser@pve -group admin pveum user modify testuser@pve -group admin
@ -764,7 +762,7 @@ Example1: Allow user `joe@pve` to see everything
[source,bash] [source,bash]
pveum acl modify / -user joe@pve -role PVEAuditor pveum acl modify / -user joe@pve -role PVEAuditor
Example1: Allow user `joe@pve` to see all virtual machines Example 2: Allow user `joe@pve` to see all virtual machines
[source,bash] [source,bash]
pveum acl modify /vms -user joe@pve -role PVEAuditor pveum acl modify /vms -user joe@pve -role PVEAuditor
@ -773,16 +771,16 @@ Example1: Allow user `joe@pve` to see all virtual machines
Delegate User Management Delegate User Management
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
If you want to delegate user management to user `joe@pve` you can do If you want to delegate user management to user `joe@pve`, you can do
that with: that with:
[source,bash] [source,bash]
pveum acl modify /access -user joe@pve -role PVEUserAdmin pveum acl modify /access -user joe@pve -role PVEUserAdmin
User `joe@pve` can now add and remove users, change passwords and User `joe@pve` can now add and remove users, and change other user attributes,
other user attributes. This is a very powerful role, and you most such as passwords. This is a very powerful role, and you most
likely want to limit that to selected realms and groups. The following likely want to limit it to selected realms and groups. The following
example allows `joe@pve` to modify users within realm `pve` if they example allows `joe@pve` to modify users within the realm `pve`, if they
are members of group `customers`: are members of group `customers`:
[source,bash] [source,bash]
@ -790,18 +788,18 @@ are members of group `customers`:
pveum acl modify /access/groups/customers -user joe@pve -role PVEUserAdmin pveum acl modify /access/groups/customers -user joe@pve -role PVEUserAdmin
NOTE: The user is able to add other users, but only if they are NOTE: The user is able to add other users, but only if they are
members of group `customers` and within realm `pve`. members of the group `customers` and within the realm `pve`.
Limited API token for monitoring Limited API Token for Monitoring
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Given a user `joe@pve` with the PVEVMAdmin role on all VMs: Given a user `joe@pve`, with the PVEVMAdmin role on all VMs:
[source,bash] [source,bash]
pveum acl modify /vms -user joe@pve -role PVEVMAdmin pveum acl modify /vms -user joe@pve -role PVEVMAdmin
Add a new API token with separate privileges, which is only allowed to view VM Add a new API token with separate privileges, which is only allowed to view VM
information (e.g., for monitoring purposes): information (for example, for monitoring purposes):
[source,bash] [source,bash]
pveum user token add joe@pve monitoring -privsep 1 pveum user token add joe@pve monitoring -privsep 1
@ -819,29 +817,29 @@ Resource Pools
An enterprise is usually structured into several smaller departments, and it is An enterprise is usually structured into several smaller departments, and it is
common that you want to assign resources and delegate management tasks to each common that you want to assign resources and delegate management tasks to each
of these. Let's assume that you want to set up a pool for a software development of these. Let's assume that you want to set up a pool for a software development
department. First, create a group department. First, create a group:
[source,bash] [source,bash]
pveum group add developers -comment "Our software developers" pveum group add developers -comment "Our software developers"
Now we create a new user which is a member of that group Now we create a new user which is a member of that group:
[source,bash] [source,bash]
pveum user add developer1@pve -group developers -password pveum user add developer1@pve -group developers -password
NOTE: The -password parameter will prompt you for a password NOTE: The "-password" parameter will prompt you for a password
Then we create a resource pool for our development department to use Then we create a resource pool for our development department to use:
[source,bash] [source,bash]
pveum pool add dev-pool --comment "IT development pool" pveum pool add dev-pool --comment "IT development pool"
Finally, we can assign permissions to that pool Finally, we can assign permissions to that pool:
[source,bash] [source,bash]
pveum acl modify /pool/dev-pool/ -group developers -role PVEAdmin pveum acl modify /pool/dev-pool/ -group developers -role PVEAdmin
Our software developers can now administrate the resources assigned to Our software developers can now administer the resources assigned to
that pool. that pool.