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<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1"><title>Bad block HOWTO for smartmontools</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.69.1"><meta name="description" content=" <html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1"><title>Bad block HOWTO for smartmontools</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2"><meta name="description" content="This article describes what actions might be taken when smartmontools detects a bad block on a disk. It demonstrates how to identify the file associated with an unreadable disk sector, and how to force that sector to reallocate."></head><body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"><div class="article" title="Bad block HOWTO for smartmontools"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="index"></a>Bad block HOWTO for smartmontools</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Bruce</span> <span class="surname">Allen</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><div class="address"><p><br>
This article describes what actions might be taken when smartmontools       <code class="email">&lt;<a class="email" href="mailto:smartmontools-support@lists.sourceforge.net">smartmontools-support@lists.sourceforge.net</a>&gt;</code><br>
detects a bad block on a disk. It demonstrates how to identify the file
associated with an unreadable disk sector, and how to force that sector
to reallocate.
"></head><body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"><div class="article" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a name="index"></a>Bad block HOWTO for smartmontools</h1></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Bruce</span> <span class="surname">Allen</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><div class="address"><p><br>
      <code class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:smartmontools-support@lists.sourceforge.net">smartmontools-support@lists.sourceforge.net</a>&gt;</code><br>
     </p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Douglas</span> <span class="surname">Gilbert</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><div class="address"><p><br>      </p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Douglas</span> <span class="surname">Gilbert</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><div class="address"><p><br>
      <code class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:smartmontools-support@lists.sourceforge.net">smartmontools-support@lists.sourceforge.net</a>&gt;</code><br>       <code class="email">&lt;<a class="email" href="mailto:smartmontools-support@lists.sourceforge.net">smartmontools-support@lists.sourceforge.net</a>&gt;</code><br>
     </p></div></div></div></div><div><p class="copyright">Copyright © 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 Bruce Allen</p></div><div><div class="legalnotice"><a name="id4710404"></a><p>      </p></div></div></div></div><div><p class="copyright">Copyright © 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 Bruce Allen</p></div><div><div class="legalnotice" title="Legal Notice"><a name="id2541562"></a><p>
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
@ -15,18 +10,18 @@
no Back-Cover Texts. no Back-Cover Texts.
</p><p> </p><p>
For an online copy of the license see For an online copy of the license see
<a href="http://www.fsf.org/copyleft/fdl.html" target="_top"> <a class="ulink" href="http://www.fsf.org/copyleft/fdl.html" target="_top">
<code class="literal">www.fsf.org/copyleft/fdl.html</code></a>. <code class="literal">www.fsf.org/copyleft/fdl.html</code></a>.
</p></div></div><div><p class="pubdate">2007-01-23</p></div><div><div class="revhistory"><table border="1" width="100%" summary="Revision history"><tr><th align="left" valign="top" colspan="3"><b>Revision History</b></th></tr><tr><td align="left">Revision 1.1</td><td align="left">2007-01-23</td><td align="left">dpg</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3"> </p></div></div><div><p class="pubdate">2007-01-23</p></div><div><div class="revhistory"><table border="1" width="100%" summary="Revision history"><tr><th align="left" valign="top" colspan="3"><b>Revision History</b></th></tr><tr><td align="left">Revision 1.1</td><td align="left">2007-01-23</td><td align="left">dpg</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3">
add sections on ReiserFS and partition table damage add sections on ReiserFS and partition table damage
</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Revision 1.0</td><td align="left">2006-11-14</td><td align="left">dpg</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">Revision 1.0</td><td align="left">2006-11-14</td><td align="left">dpg</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3">
merge BadBlockHowTo.txt and BadBlockSCSIHowTo.txt merge BadBlockHowTo.txt and BadBlockSCSIHowTo.txt
</td></tr></table></div></div><div><div class="abstract"><p class="title"><b>Abstract</b></p><p> </td></tr></table></div></div><div><div class="abstract" title="Abstract"><p class="title"><b>Abstract</b></p><p>
This article describes what actions might be taken when smartmontools This article describes what actions might be taken when smartmontools
detects a bad block on a disk. It demonstrates how to identify the file detects a bad block on a disk. It demonstrates how to identify the file
associated with an unreadable disk sector, and how to force that sector associated with an unreadable disk sector, and how to force that sector
to reallocate. to reallocate.
</p></div></div></div><hr></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#intro">Introduction</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#rfile">Repairs in a file system</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#e2_example1">ext2/ext3 first example</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#e2_example2">ext2/ext3 second example</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#unassigned">Unassigned sectors</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#reiserfs_ex">ReiserFS example</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#sdisk">Repairs at the disk level</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#partition">Partition table problems</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#lvm">LVM repairs</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#bb">Bad block reassignment</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="intro"></a>Introduction</h2></div></div></div><p> </p></div></div></div><hr></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#intro">Introduction</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#rfile">Repairs in a file system</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#e2_example1">ext2/ext3 first example</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#e2_example2">ext2/ext3 second example</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#unassigned">Unassigned sectors</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#reiserfs_ex">ReiserFS example</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#sdisk">Repairs at the disk level</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#partition">Partition table problems</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#lvm">LVM repairs</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="#bb">Bad block reassignment</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="sect1" title="Introduction"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="intro"></a>Introduction</h2></div></div></div><p>
Handling bad blocks is a difficult problem as it often involves Handling bad blocks is a difficult problem as it often involves
decisions about losing information. Modern storage devices tend decisions about losing information. Modern storage devices tend
to handle the simple cases automatically, for example by writing to handle the simple cases automatically, for example by writing
@ -35,10 +30,10 @@ the media. Even though such a remapping can be done by a disk
drive transparently, there is still a lingering worry about media drive transparently, there is still a lingering worry about media
deterioration and the disk running out of spare sectors to remap. deterioration and the disk running out of spare sectors to remap.
</p><p> </p><p>
Can smartmontools help? As the <span class="acronym">SMART</span> acronym Can smartmontools help? As the <acronym class="acronym">SMART</acronym> acronym
<sup>[<a name="id4710480" href="#ftn.id4710480">1</a>]</sup> <sup>[<a name="id2506421" href="#ftn.id2506421" class="footnote">1</a>]</sup>
suggests, the <span><strong class="command">smartctl</strong></span> command and the suggests, the <span class="command"><strong>smartctl</strong></span> command and the
<span><strong class="command">smartd</strong></span> daemon concentrate on monitoring and analysis. <span class="command"><strong>smartd</strong></span> daemon concentrate on monitoring and analysis.
So apart from changing some reporting settings, smartmontools will not So apart from changing some reporting settings, smartmontools will not
modify the raw data in a device. Also smartmontools only works with modify the raw data in a device. Also smartmontools only works with
physical devices, it does not know about partitions and file systems. physical devices, it does not know about partitions and file systems.
@ -64,14 +59,14 @@ Another approach is to ignore the upper level consequences (e.g. corrupting
a file or worse damage to a file system) and use the facilities offered by a file or worse damage to a file system) and use the facilities offered by
a storage device to repair the damage. The SCSI disk command set is used a storage device to repair the damage. The SCSI disk command set is used
elaborate on this low level approach. elaborate on this low level approach.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="rfile"></a>Repairs in a file system</h2></div></div></div><p> </p></div><div class="sect1" title="Repairs in a file system"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="rfile"></a>Repairs in a file system</h2></div></div></div><p>
This section contains examples of what to do at the file system level This section contains examples of what to do at the file system level
when smartmontools reports a bad block. These examples assume the Linux when smartmontools reports a bad block. These examples assume the Linux
operating system and either the ext2/ext3 or ReiserFS file system. The operating system and either the ext2/ext3 or ReiserFS file system. The
various Linux commands shown have man pages and the reader is encouraged various Linux commands shown have man pages and the reader is encouraged
to examine these. Of note is the <span><strong class="command">dd</strong></span> command which is to examine these. Of note is the <span class="command"><strong>dd</strong></span> command which is
often used in repair work often used in repair work
<sup>[<a name="id4710574" href="#ftn.id4710574">2</a>]</sup> <sup>[<a name="id2506498" href="#ftn.id2506498" class="footnote">2</a>]</sup>
and has a unique command line syntax. and has a unique command line syntax.
</p><p> </p><p>
The authors would like to thank Sergey Vlasov, Theodore Ts'o, The authors would like to thank Sergey Vlasov, Theodore Ts'o,
@ -79,7 +74,7 @@ Michael Bendzick, and others for explaining this approach. The authors would
like to add text showing how to do this for other file systems, in like to add text showing how to do this for other file systems, in
particular XFS, and JFS: please email if you can provide this particular XFS, and JFS: please email if you can provide this
information. information.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="e2_example1"></a>ext2/ext3 first example</h3></div></div></div><p> </p><div class="sect2" title="ext2/ext3 first example"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="e2_example1"></a>ext2/ext3 first example</h3></div></div></div><p>
In this example, the disk is failing self-tests at Logical Block In this example, the disk is failing self-tests at Logical Block
Address LBA = 0x016561e9 = 23421417. The LBA counts sectors in units Address LBA = 0x016561e9 = 23421417. The LBA counts sectors in units
of 512 bytes, and starts at zero. of 512 bytes, and starts at zero.
@ -170,6 +165,18 @@ and the file that contains that inode:
root]# debugfs root]# debugfs
debugfs 1.32 (09-Nov-2002) debugfs 1.32 (09-Nov-2002)
debugfs: open /dev/hda3 debugfs: open /dev/hda3
debugfs: testb 2269012
Block 2269012 not in use
</pre><p>
If the block is not in use, as in the above example, then you can skip
the rest of this step and go ahead to Step Five.
</p><p>
If, on the other hand, the block is in use, we want to identify
the file that uses it:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
debugfs: testb 2269012
Block 2269012 marked in use
debugfs: icheck 2269012 debugfs: icheck 2269012
Block Inode number Block Inode number
2269012 41032 2269012 41032
@ -177,11 +184,46 @@ debugfs: ncheck 41032
Inode Pathname Inode Pathname
41032 /S1/R/H/714197568-714203359/H-R-714202192-16.gwf 41032 /S1/R/H/714197568-714203359/H-R-714202192-16.gwf
</pre><p> </pre><p>
In this example, you can see that the problematic file (with the mount In this example, you can see that the problematic file (with the mount
point included in the path) is: point included in the path) is:
<code class="filename">/data/S1/R/H/714197568-714203359/H-R-714202192-16.gwf</code> <code class="filename">/data/S1/R/H/714197568-714203359/H-R-714202192-16.gwf</code>
</p><p> </p><p>
When we are working with an ext3 file system, it may happen that the
affected file is the journal itself. Generally, if this is the case,
the inode number will be very small. In any case, debugfs will not
be able to get the file name:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
debugfs: testb 2269012
Block 2269012 marked in use
debugfs: icheck 2269012
Block Inode number
2269012 8
debugfs: ncheck 8
Inode Pathname
debugfs:
</pre><p>
</p><p>
To get around this situation, we can remove the journal altogether:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
tune2fs -O ^has_journal /dev/hda3
</pre><p>
and then start again with Step Four: we should see this time that the
wrong block is not in use any more. If we removed the journal file, at
the end of the whole procedure we should remember to rebuild it:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
tune2fs -j /dev/hda3
</pre><p>
</p><p>
Fifth Step
<span class="emphasis"><em>NOTE:</em></span> This last step will <span class="emphasis"><em>permanently
</em></span> and irretrievably <span class="emphasis"><em>destroy</em></span> the contents
of the file system block that is damaged: if the block was allocated to
a file, some of the data that is in this file is going to be overwritten
with zeros. You will not be able to recover that data unless you can
replace the file with a fresh or correct version.
</p><p>
To force the disk to reallocate this bad block we'll write zeros to To force the disk to reallocate this bad block we'll write zeros to
the bad block, and sync the disk: the bad block, and sync the disk:
</p><pre class="programlisting"> </p><pre class="programlisting">
@ -189,11 +231,6 @@ root]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/hda3 bs=4096 count=1 seek=2269012
root]# sync root]# sync
</pre><p> </pre><p>
</p><p> </p><p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>NOTE:</em></span> This last step has <span class="emphasis"><em>permanently
</em></span> and irretrievably <span class="emphasis"><em>destroyed</em></span> some of
the data that was in this file. Don't do this unless you don't need
the file or you can replace it with a fresh or correct version.
</p><p>
Now everything is back to normal: the sector has been reallocated. Now everything is back to normal: the sector has been reallocated.
Compare the output just below to similar output near the top of this Compare the output just below to similar output near the top of this
article: article:
@ -207,9 +244,11 @@ ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME FLAG VALUE WORST THRESH TYPE UPDATED WHEN_
</pre><p> </pre><p>
Note: for some disks it may be necessary to update the SMART Attribute values by using Note: for some disks it may be necessary to update the SMART Attribute values by using
<span><strong class="command">smartctl -t offline /dev/hda</strong></span> <span class="command"><strong>smartctl -t offline /dev/hda</strong></span>
</p><p> </p><p>
The disk now passes its self-tests again: We have corrected the first errored block. If more than one blocks
were errored, we should repeat all the steps for the subsequent ones.
After we do that, the disk will pass its self-tests again:
</p><pre class="programlisting"> </p><pre class="programlisting">
root]# smartctl -t long /dev/hda [wait until test completes, then] root]# smartctl -t long /dev/hda [wait until test completes, then]
@ -235,7 +274,7 @@ ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME FLAG VALUE WORST THRESH TYPE UPDATED WHEN_
197 Current_Pending_Sector 0x0022 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0 197 Current_Pending_Sector 0x0022 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
198 Offline_Uncorrectable 0x0008 100 100 000 Old_age Offline - 0 198 Offline_Uncorrectable 0x0008 100 100 000 Old_age Offline - 0
</pre><p> </pre><p>
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="e2_example2"></a>ext2/ext3 second example</h3></div></div></div><p> </p></div><div class="sect2" title="ext2/ext3 second example"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="e2_example2"></a>ext2/ext3 second example</h3></div></div></div><p>
On this drive, the first sign of trouble was this email from smartd: On this drive, the first sign of trouble was this email from smartd:
</p><pre class="programlisting"> </p><pre class="programlisting">
To: ballen To: ballen
@ -248,7 +287,7 @@ On this drive, the first sign of trouble was this email from smartd:
Device: /dev/hda, Self-Test Log error count increased from 0 to 1 Device: /dev/hda, Self-Test Log error count increased from 0 to 1
</pre><p> </pre><p>
</p><p> </p><p>
Running <span><strong class="command">smartctl -a /dev/hda</strong></span> confirmed the problem: Running <span class="command"><strong>smartctl -a /dev/hda</strong></span> confirmed the problem:
</p><pre class="programlisting"> </p><pre class="programlisting">
Num Test_Description Status Remaining LifeTime(hours) LBA_of_first_error Num Test_Description Status Remaining LifeTime(hours) LBA_of_first_error
@ -354,6 +393,12 @@ Inode Pathname
45192 /S1/R/H/714979488-714985279/H-R-714979984-16.gwf 45192 /S1/R/H/714979488-714985279/H-R-714979984-16.gwf
debugfs: quit debugfs: quit
</pre><p> </pre><p>
Note that the first few steps of this procedure could also be done
with a single command, which is very helpful if there are many bad
blocks (thanks to Danie Marais for pointing this out):
</p><pre class="programlisting">
debugfs: icheck 3778301 3778302 3778303
</pre><p>
</p><p> </p><p>
And finally, just to confirm that this is really the damaged file: And finally, just to confirm that this is really the damaged file:
</p><p> </p><p>
@ -396,14 +441,14 @@ Num Test_Description Status Remaining LifeTime(hours) LBA
# 1 Extended offline Completed without error 00% 692 - # 1 Extended offline Completed without error 00% 692 -
# 2 Extended offline Completed: read failure 80% 682 0x021d9f44 # 2 Extended offline Completed: read failure 80% 682 0x021d9f44
</pre><p> </pre><p>
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="unassigned"></a>Unassigned sectors</h3></div></div></div><p> </p></div><div class="sect2" title="Unassigned sectors"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="unassigned"></a>Unassigned sectors</h3></div></div></div><p>
This section was written by Kay Diederichs. Even though this section This section was written by Kay Diederichs. Even though this section
assumes Linux and the ext2/ext3 file system, the strategy should be assumes Linux and the ext2/ext3 file system, the strategy should be
more generally applicable. more generally applicable.
</p><p> </p><p>
I read your badblocks-howto at and greatly I read your badblocks-howto at and greatly
benefited from it. One thing that's (maybe) missing is that often the benefited from it. One thing that's (maybe) missing is that often the
<span><strong class="command">smartctl -t long</strong></span> scan finds a bad sector which is <span class="command"><strong>smartctl -t long</strong></span> scan finds a bad sector which is
<span class="emphasis"><em> not</em></span> assigned to <span class="emphasis"><em> not</em></span> assigned to
any file. In that case it does not help to run debugfs, or rather any file. In that case it does not help to run debugfs, or rather
debugfs reports the fact that no file owns that sector. Furthermore, debugfs reports the fact that no file owns that sector. Furthermore,
@ -418,12 +463,12 @@ huge file on that file system.
</pre><p> </pre><p>
creates the file. Leave it running until the partition/file system is creates the file. Leave it running until the partition/file system is
full. This will make the disk reallocate those sectors which do not full. This will make the disk reallocate those sectors which do not
belong to a file. Check the <span><strong class="command">smartctl -a</strong></span> output after belong to a file. Check the <span class="command"><strong>smartctl -a</strong></span> output after
that and make that and make
sure that the sectors are reallocated. If any remain, use the debugfs sure that the sectors are reallocated. If any remain, use the debugfs
method. Of course the usual caveats apply - back it up first, and so method. Of course the usual caveats apply - back it up first, and so
on. on.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="reiserfs_ex"></a>ReiserFS example</h3></div></div></div><p> </p></div><div class="sect2" title="ReiserFS example"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="reiserfs_ex"></a>ReiserFS example</h3></div></div></div><p>
This section was written by Joachim Jautz with additions from Manfred This section was written by Joachim Jautz with additions from Manfred
Schwarb. Schwarb.
</p><p> </p><p>
@ -436,15 +481,15 @@ smartd[575]: Device: /dev/hda, 1 Offline uncorrectable sectors
</pre><p> </pre><p>
</p><p> </p><p>
[Step 0] The SMART selftest/error log [Step 0] The SMART selftest/error log
(see <span><strong class="command">smartctl -l selftest</strong></span>) indicated there was a problem (see <span class="command"><strong>smartctl -l selftest</strong></span>) indicated there was a problem
with block address (i.e. the 512 byte sector at) 58656333. The partition with block address (i.e. the 512 byte sector at) 58656333. The partition
table (e.g. see <span><strong class="command">sfdisk -luS /dev/hda</strong></span> or table (e.g. see <span class="command"><strong>sfdisk -luS /dev/hda</strong></span> or
<span><strong class="command">fdisk -ul /dev/hda</strong></span>) indicated that this block was in the <span class="command"><strong>fdisk -ul /dev/hda</strong></span>) indicated that this block was in the
<code class="filename">/dev/hda3</code> partition which contained a ReiserFS file <code class="filename">/dev/hda3</code> partition which contained a ReiserFS file
system. That partition started at block address 54781650. system. That partition started at block address 54781650.
</p><p> </p><p>
While doing the initial analysis it may also be useful to take a copy While doing the initial analysis it may also be useful to take a copy
of the disk attributes returned by <span><strong class="command">smartctl -A /dev/hda</strong></span>. of the disk attributes returned by <span class="command"><strong>smartctl -A /dev/hda</strong></span>.
Specifically the values associated with the "Reallocated_Sector_Ct" and Specifically the values associated with the "Reallocated_Sector_Ct" and
"Reallocated_Event_Count" attributes (for ATA disks, the grown list (GLIST) "Reallocated_Event_Count" attributes (for ATA disks, the grown list (GLIST)
length for SCSI disks). If these are incremented at the end of the procedure length for SCSI disks). If these are incremented at the end of the procedure
@ -463,7 +508,7 @@ Blocksize: 4096
</pre><p> </pre><p>
It is re-assuring that the calculated 4 KB damaged block address in It is re-assuring that the calculated 4 KB damaged block address in
<code class="filename">/dev/hda3</code> is less than "Count of blocks on the <code class="filename">/dev/hda3</code> is less than "Count of blocks on the
device" shown in the output of <span><strong class="command">debugreiserfs</strong></span> shown above. device" shown in the output of <span class="command"><strong>debugreiserfs</strong></span> shown above.
</p><p> </p><p>
[Step 3] Try to get more info about this block =&gt; reading the block [Step 3] Try to get more info about this block =&gt; reading the block
fails as expected but at least we see now that it seems to be unused. fails as expected but at least we see now that it seems to be unused.
@ -487,7 +532,7 @@ advice then if you have just a few bad blocks, try writing to the
bad blocks and see if the drive remaps the bad blocks (that means bad blocks and see if the drive remaps the bad blocks (that means
it takes a block it has in reserve and allocates it for use for it takes a block it has in reserve and allocates it for use for
of that block number). If it cannot remap the block, use of that block number). If it cannot remap the block, use
<span><strong class="command">badblock</strong></span> option (-B) with reiserfs utils to handle <span class="command"><strong>badblock</strong></span> option (-B) with reiserfs utils to handle
this block correctly. this block correctly.
</p><pre class="programlisting"> </p><pre class="programlisting">
bread: Cannot read the block (484335): (Input/output error). bread: Cannot read the block (484335): (Input/output error).
@ -497,24 +542,24 @@ Aborted
So it looks like we have the right (i.e. faulty) block address. So it looks like we have the right (i.e. faulty) block address.
</p><p> </p><p>
[Step 4] Try then to find the affected file [Step 4] Try then to find the affected file
<sup>[<a name="id4711397" href="#ftn.id4711397">3</a>]</sup>: <sup>[<a name="id2550815" href="#ftn.id2550815" class="footnote">3</a>]</sup>:
</p><pre class="programlisting"> </p><pre class="programlisting">
tar -cO /mydir &gt;/dev/null tar -cO /mydir | cat &gt;/dev/null
</pre><p> </pre><p>
If you do not find any unreadable files, then the block may be free or If you do not find any unreadable files, then the block may be free or
located in some metadata of the file system. located in some metadata of the file system.
</p><p> </p><p>
[Step 5] Try your luck: bang the affected block with [Step 5] Try your luck: bang the affected block with
<span><strong class="command">badblocks -n</strong></span> (non-destructive read-write mode, do unmount <span class="command"><strong>badblocks -n</strong></span> (non-destructive read-write mode, do unmount
first), if you are very lucky the failure is transient and you can provoke first), if you are very lucky the failure is transient and you can provoke
reallocation reallocation
<sup>[<a name="id4711431" href="#ftn.id4711431">4</a>]</sup>: <sup>[<a name="id2550862" href="#ftn.id2550862" class="footnote">4</a>]</sup>:
</p><pre class="programlisting"> </p><pre class="programlisting">
# badblocks -b 4096 -p 3 -s -v -n /dev/hda3 `expr 484335 + 100` `expr 484335 - 100` # badblocks -b 4096 -p 3 -s -v -n /dev/hda3 `expr 484335 + 100` `expr 484335 - 100`
</pre><p> </pre><p>
<sup>[<a name="id4711447" href="#ftn.id4711447">5</a>]</sup> <sup>[<a name="id2550876" href="#ftn.id2550876" class="footnote">5</a>]</sup>
</p><p> </p><p>
check success with <span><strong class="command">debugreiserfs -1 484335 /dev/hda3</strong></span>. check success with <span class="command"><strong>debugreiserfs -1 484335 /dev/hda3</strong></span>.
Otherwise: Otherwise:
</p><p> </p><p>
[Step 6] Perform this step <span class="emphasis"><em>only</em></span> if Step 5 has failed [Step 6] Perform this step <span class="emphasis"><em>only</em></span> if Step 5 has failed
@ -535,23 +580,23 @@ This could take a long time so you probably better go for lunch ...
</p><p> </p><p>
[Step 8] Proceed as stated earlier. For example, sync disk and run a long [Step 8] Proceed as stated earlier. For example, sync disk and run a long
selftest that should succeed now. selftest that should succeed now.
</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="sdisk"></a>Repairs at the disk level</h2></div></div></div><p> </p></div></div><div class="sect1" title="Repairs at the disk level"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="sdisk"></a>Repairs at the disk level</h2></div></div></div><p>
This section first looks at a damaged partition table. Then it ignores This section first looks at a damaged partition table. Then it ignores
the upper level impact of a bad block and just repairs the underlying the upper level impact of a bad block and just repairs the underlying
sector so that defective sector will not cause problems in the future. sector so that defective sector will not cause problems in the future.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="partition"></a>Partition table problems</h3></div></div></div><p> </p><div class="sect2" title="Partition table problems"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="partition"></a>Partition table problems</h3></div></div></div><p>
Some software failures can lead to zeroes or random data being written Some software failures can lead to zeroes or random data being written
on the first block of a disk. For disks that use a DOS-based partitioning on the first block of a disk. For disks that use a DOS-based partitioning
scheme this will overwrite the partition table which is found at the scheme this will overwrite the partition table which is found at the
end of the first block. This is a single point of failure so after the end of the first block. This is a single point of failure so after the
damage tools like <span><strong class="command">fdisk</strong></span> have no alternate data to use damage tools like <span class="command"><strong>fdisk</strong></span> have no alternate data to use
so they report no partitions or a damaged partition table. so they report no partitions or a damaged partition table.
</p><p> </p><p>
One utility that may help is One utility that may help is
<a href="http://www.cgsecurity.org/wiki/TestDisk" target="_top"> <a class="ulink" href="http://www.cgsecurity.org/wiki/TestDisk" target="_top">
<code class="literal">testdisk</code></a> which can scan a disk looking for <code class="literal">testdisk</code></a> which can scan a disk looking for
partitions and recreate a partition table if requested. partitions and recreate a partition table if requested.
<sup>[<a name="id4711568" href="#ftn.id4711568">6</a>]</sup> <sup>[<a name="id2550980" href="#ftn.id2550980" class="footnote">6</a>]</sup>
</p><p> </p><p>
Programs that create DOS partitions Programs that create DOS partitions
often place the first partition at logical block address 63. In Linux often place the first partition at logical block address 63. In Linux
@ -574,7 +619,7 @@ a disk. The extended DOS partition table is placed elsewhere on
a disk. Again there is only one copy of it so it represents another a disk. Again there is only one copy of it so it represents another
single point of failure. All DOS partition information can be single point of failure. All DOS partition information can be
read in a form that can be used to recreate the tables with the read in a form that can be used to recreate the tables with the
<span><strong class="command">sfdisk</strong></span> command. Obviously this needs to be done <span class="command"><strong>sfdisk</strong></span> command. Obviously this needs to be done
beforehand and the file put on other media. Here is how to fetch the beforehand and the file put on other media. Here is how to fetch the
partition table information: partition table information:
</p><pre class="programlisting"> </p><pre class="programlisting">
@ -594,15 +639,15 @@ block(s) holding the partition table(s) and puts it in
changes the partition tables as indicated by changes the partition tables as indicated by
<code class="filename">my_disk_partition_info.txt</code>. For what it is worth the <code class="filename">my_disk_partition_info.txt</code>. For what it is worth the
author did test this on his system! author did test this on his system!
<sup>[<a name="id4711687" href="#ftn.id4711687">7</a>]</sup> <sup>[<a name="id2551099" href="#ftn.id2551099" class="footnote">7</a>]</sup>
</p><p> </p><p>
For creating, destroying, resizing, checking and copying partitions, and For creating, destroying, resizing, checking and copying partitions, and
the file systems on them, GNU's the file systems on them, GNU's
<a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/parted" target="_top"> <a class="ulink" href="http://www.gnu.org/software/parted" target="_top">
<code class="literal">parted</code></a> is worth examining. <code class="literal">parted</code></a> is worth examining.
The <a href="http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Large-Disk-HOWTO.html" target="_top"> The <a class="ulink" href="http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Large-Disk-HOWTO.html" target="_top">
<code class="literal">Large Disk HOWTO</code></a> is also a useful resource. <code class="literal">Large Disk HOWTO</code></a> is also a useful resource.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="lvm"></a>LVM repairs</h3></div></div></div><p> </p></div><div class="sect2" title="LVM repairs"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="lvm"></a>LVM repairs</h3></div></div></div><p>
This section was written by Frederic BOITEUX. It was titled: "HOW TO This section was written by Frederic BOITEUX. It was titled: "HOW TO
LOCATE AND REPAIR BAD BLOCKS ON AN LVM VOLUME". LOCATE AND REPAIR BAD BLOCKS ON AN LVM VOLUME".
</p><p> </p><p>
@ -750,10 +795,10 @@ renounce
</p><p> </p><p>
Search / correction follows the same scheme as for simple Search / correction follows the same scheme as for simple
partitions : partitions :
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p> </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p>
find possible impacted files with debugfs (icheck &lt;fs block nb&gt;, find possible impacted files with debugfs (icheck &lt;fs block nb&gt;,
then ncheck &lt;icheck nb&gt;). then ncheck &lt;icheck nb&gt;).
</p></li><li><p> </p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
reallocate bad block writing zeros in it, *using the fs block size* : reallocate bad block writing zeros in it, *using the fs block size* :
</p></li></ul></div><p> </p></li></ul></div><p>
</p><p> </p><p>
@ -762,7 +807,7 @@ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/WDC80Go/ext1 count=1 bs=4096 seek=1378581
</pre><p> </pre><p>
</p><p> </p><p>
Et voilà ! Et voilà !
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="bb"></a>Bad block reassignment</h3></div></div></div><p> </p></div><div class="sect2" title="Bad block reassignment"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="bb"></a>Bad block reassignment</h3></div></div></div><p>
The SCSI disk command set and associated disk architecture are assumed The SCSI disk command set and associated disk architecture are assumed
in this section. SCSI disks have their own logical to physical mapping in this section. SCSI disks have their own logical to physical mapping
allowing a damaged sector (usually carrying 512 bytes of data) to be allowing a damaged sector (usually carrying 512 bytes of data) to be
@ -789,11 +834,11 @@ sectors are a scarce resource.
</p><p> </p><p>
Once a SCSI disk format has completed successfully, other problems Once a SCSI disk format has completed successfully, other problems
may appear over time. These fall into two categories: may appear over time. These fall into two categories:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p> </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p>
recoverable: the Error Correction Codes (ECC) detect a problem recoverable: the Error Correction Codes (ECC) detect a problem
but it is small enough to be corrected. Optionally other strategies but it is small enough to be corrected. Optionally other strategies
such as retrying the access may retrieve the data. such as retrying the access may retrieve the data.
</p></li><li><p> </p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
unrecoverable: try as it may, the disk logic and ECC algorithms unrecoverable: try as it may, the disk logic and ECC algorithms
cannot recover the data. This is often reported as a cannot recover the data. This is often reported as a
<span class="emphasis"><em>medium error</em></span>. <span class="emphasis"><em>medium error</em></span>.
@ -808,12 +853,12 @@ the incoming data detects a CRC error due to a bad cable or termination.
Depending on the disk vendor, recoverable errors can be ignored. After all, Depending on the disk vendor, recoverable errors can be ignored. After all,
some disks have up to 68 bytes of ECC above the payload size of 512 bytes some disks have up to 68 bytes of ECC above the payload size of 512 bytes
so why use up spare sectors which are limited in number so why use up spare sectors which are limited in number
<sup>[<a name="id4712485" href="#ftn.id4712485">8</a>]</sup> <sup>[<a name="id2551516" href="#ftn.id2551516" class="footnote">8</a>]</sup>
? ?
If the disk can recover the data and does decide to re-allocate (reassign) If the disk can recover the data and does decide to re-allocate (reassign)
a sector, then first it checks the settings of the ARRE and AWRE bits in the a sector, then first it checks the settings of the ARRE and AWRE bits in the
read-write error recovery mode page. Usually these bits are set read-write error recovery mode page. Usually these bits are set
<sup>[<a name="id4712514" href="#ftn.id4712514">9</a>]</sup> <sup>[<a name="id2551535" href="#ftn.id2551535" class="footnote">9</a>]</sup>
enabling automatic (read or write) re-allocation. The automatic enabling automatic (read or write) re-allocation. The automatic
re-allocation may also fail if the zone (or disk) has run out of spare re-allocation may also fail if the zone (or disk) has run out of spare
sectors. sectors.
@ -825,7 +870,7 @@ disk to spend too long trying to recover an error.
Unrecoverable errors will cause a <span class="emphasis"><em>medium error</em></span> sense Unrecoverable errors will cause a <span class="emphasis"><em>medium error</em></span> sense
key, perhaps with some useful additional sense information. If the extended key, perhaps with some useful additional sense information. If the extended
background self test includes a full disk read scan, one would expect the background self test includes a full disk read scan, one would expect the
self test log to list the bad block, as shown in the <a href="#rfile" title="Repairs in a file system">the section called &#8220;Repairs in a file system&#8221;</a>. self test log to list the bad block, as shown in the <a class="xref" href="#rfile" title="Repairs in a file system">the section called &#8220;Repairs in a file system&#8221;</a>.
Recent SCSI disks with a periodic background scan should also list Recent SCSI disks with a periodic background scan should also list
unrecoverable read errors (and some recoverable errors as well). The unrecoverable read errors (and some recoverable errors as well). The
advantage of the background scan is that it runs to completion while self advantage of the background scan is that it runs to completion while self
@ -839,7 +884,7 @@ command will reassign one or more blocks, attempting to (partially ?) recover
the data (a forlorn hope at this stage), fetch an unused spare sector from the the data (a forlorn hope at this stage), fetch an unused spare sector from the
current zone while adding the damaged old sector to the GLIST (hence the current zone while adding the damaged old sector to the GLIST (hence the
name "grown" list). The contents of the GLIST may not be that interesting name "grown" list). The contents of the GLIST may not be that interesting
but <span><strong class="command">smartctl</strong></span> prints out the number of entries in the grown but <span class="command"><strong>smartctl</strong></span> prints out the number of entries in the grown
list and if that number grows quickly, the disk may be approaching the end list and if that number grows quickly, the disk may be approaching the end
of its useful life. of its useful life.
</p><p> </p><p>
@ -847,26 +892,26 @@ Here is an alternate brute force technique to consider: if the data on the
SCSI or ATA disk has all been backed up (e.g. is held on the other disks in SCSI or ATA disk has all been backed up (e.g. is held on the other disks in
a RAID 5 enclosure), then simply reformatting the disk may be the least a RAID 5 enclosure), then simply reformatting the disk may be the least
cumbersome approach. cumbersome approach.
</p><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="sexample"></a>Example</h4></div></div></div><p> </p><div class="sect3" title="Example"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="sexample"></a>Example</h4></div></div></div><p>
Given a "bad block", it still may be useful to look at the Given a "bad block", it still may be useful to look at the
<span><strong class="command">fdisk</strong></span> command (if the disk has multiple partitions) <span class="command"><strong>fdisk</strong></span> command (if the disk has multiple partitions)
to find out which partition is involved, then use to find out which partition is involved, then use
<span><strong class="command">debugfs</strong></span> (or a similar tool for the file system in <span class="command"><strong>debugfs</strong></span> (or a similar tool for the file system in
question) to find out which, if any, file or other part of the file system question) to find out which, if any, file or other part of the file system
may have been damaged. This is discussed in the <a href="#rfile" title="Repairs in a file system">the section called &#8220;Repairs in a file system&#8221;</a>. may have been damaged. This is discussed in the <a class="xref" href="#rfile" title="Repairs in a file system">the section called &#8220;Repairs in a file system&#8221;</a>.
</p><p> </p><p>
Then a program that can execute the REASSIGN BLOCKS SCSI command is Then a program that can execute the REASSIGN BLOCKS SCSI command is
required. In Linux (2.4 and 2.6 series), FreeBSD, Tru64(OSF) and Windows required. In Linux (2.4 and 2.6 series), FreeBSD, Tru64(OSF) and Windows
the author's <span><strong class="command">sg_reassign</strong></span> utility in the sg3_utils the author's <span class="command"><strong>sg_reassign</strong></span> utility in the sg3_utils
package can be used. Also found in that package is package can be used. Also found in that package is
<span><strong class="command">sg_verify</strong></span> which can be used to check that a block is <span class="command"><strong>sg_verify</strong></span> which can be used to check that a block is
readable. readable.
</p><p> </p><p>
Assume that logical block address 1193046 (which is 123456 in hex) is Assume that logical block address 1193046 (which is 123456 in hex) is
corrupt corrupt
<sup>[<a name="id4712652" href="#ftn.id4712652">10</a>]</sup> <sup>[<a name="id2551756" href="#ftn.id2551756" class="footnote">10</a>]</sup>
on the disk at <code class="filename">/dev/sdb</code>. A long selftest command like on the disk at <code class="filename">/dev/sdb</code>. A long selftest command like
<span><strong class="command">smartctl -t long /dev/sdb</strong></span> may result in log results <span class="command"><strong>smartctl -t long /dev/sdb</strong></span> may result in log results
like this: like this:
</p><pre class="programlisting"> </p><pre class="programlisting">
# smartctl -l selftest /dev/sdb # smartctl -l selftest /dev/sdb
@ -882,7 +927,7 @@ Num Test Status segment LifeTime LBA_first_err [SK AS
# 3 Background short Completed - 194 - [- - -] # 3 Background short Completed - 194 - [- - -]
</pre><p> </pre><p>
</p><p> </p><p>
The <span><strong class="command">sg_verify</strong></span> utility can be used to confirm that there The <span class="command"><strong>sg_verify</strong></span> utility can be used to confirm that there
is a problem at that address: is a problem at that address:
</p><pre class="programlisting"> </p><pre class="programlisting">
# sg_verify --lba=1193046 /dev/sdb # sg_verify --lba=1193046 /dev/sdb
@ -911,17 +956,17 @@ length:
</p><p> </p><p>
The GLIST length has grown by one as expected. If the disk was unable to The GLIST length has grown by one as expected. If the disk was unable to
recover any data, then the "new" block at lba 0x123456 has vendor specific recover any data, then the "new" block at lba 0x123456 has vendor specific
data in it. The <span><strong class="command">sg_reassign</strong></span> utility can also do bulk data in it. The <span class="command"><strong>sg_reassign</strong></span> utility can also do bulk
reassigns, see <span><strong class="command">man sg_reassign</strong></span> for more information. reassigns, see <span class="command"><strong>man sg_reassign</strong></span> for more information.
</p><p> </p><p>
The <span><strong class="command">dd</strong></span> command could be used to read the contents of The <span class="command"><strong>dd</strong></span> command could be used to read the contents of
the "new" block: the "new" block:
</p><pre class="programlisting"> </p><pre class="programlisting">
# dd if=/dev/sdb iflag=direct skip=1193046 of=blk.img bs=512 count=1 # dd if=/dev/sdb iflag=direct skip=1193046 of=blk.img bs=512 count=1
</pre><p> </pre><p>
</p><p> </p><p>
and a hex editor and a hex editor
<sup>[<a name="id4712776" href="#ftn.id4712776">11</a>]</sup> <sup>[<a name="id2551874" href="#ftn.id2551874" class="footnote">11</a>]</sup>
used to view and potentially change the used to view and potentially change the
<code class="filename">blk.img</code> file. An altered <code class="filename">blk.img</code> <code class="filename">blk.img</code> file. An altered <code class="filename">blk.img</code>
file (or <code class="filename">/dev/zero</code>) could be written back with: file (or <code class="filename">/dev/zero</code>) could be written back with:
@ -936,36 +981,38 @@ a superblock or a directory.
Even if a full backup of the disk is available, or the disk has been Even if a full backup of the disk is available, or the disk has been
"ejected" from a RAID, it may still be worthwhile to reassign the bad "ejected" from a RAID, it may still be worthwhile to reassign the bad
block(s) that caused the problem (or simply format the disk (see block(s) that caused the problem (or simply format the disk (see
<span><strong class="command">sg_format</strong></span> in the sg3_utils package)) and re-use the <span class="command"><strong>sg_format</strong></span> in the sg3_utils package)) and re-use the
disk later (not unlike the way a replacement disk from a manufacturer disk later (not unlike the way a replacement disk from a manufacturer
might be used). might be used).
</p><p> </p><p>
CVS $Id: badblockhowto.xml,v 1.4 2007/01/31 13:56:32 dpgilbert Exp $ $Id: badblockhowto.xml 2873 2009-08-11 21:46:20Z dipohl $
</p></div></div></div><div class="footnotes"><br><hr width="100" align="left"><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id4710480" href="#id4710480">1</a>] </sup> </p></div></div></div><div class="footnotes"><br><hr width="100" align="left"><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id2506421" href="#id2506421" class="para">1</a>] </sup>
Self-Monitoring, Analysis and Reporting Technology -&gt; SMART Self-Monitoring, Analysis and Reporting Technology -&gt; SMART
</p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id4710574" href="#id4710574">2</a>] </sup> </p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id2506498" href="#id2506498" class="para">2</a>] </sup>
Starting with GNU coreutils release 5.3.0, the <span><strong class="command">dd</strong></span> Starting with GNU coreutils release 5.3.0, the <span class="command"><strong>dd</strong></span>
command in Linux includes the options 'iflag=direct' and 'oflag=direct'. command in Linux includes the options 'iflag=direct' and 'oflag=direct'.
Using these with the <span><strong class="command">dd</strong></span> commands should be helpful, Using these with the <span class="command"><strong>dd</strong></span> commands should be helpful,
because adding these flags should avoid any interaction because adding these flags should avoid any interaction
with the block buffering IO layer in Linux and permit direct reads/writes with the block buffering IO layer in Linux and permit direct reads/writes
from the raw device. Use <span><strong class="command">dd --help</strong></span> to see if your from the raw device. Use <span class="command"><strong>dd --help</strong></span> to see if your
version of dd supports these options. If not, the latest code for dd version of dd supports these options. If not, the latest code for dd
can be found at <a href="http://alpha.gnu.org/gnu/coreutils" target="_top"> can be found at <a class="ulink" href="http://alpha.gnu.org/gnu/coreutils" target="_top">
<code class="literal">alpha.gnu.org/gnu/coreutils</code></a>. <code class="literal">alpha.gnu.org/gnu/coreutils</code></a>.
</p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id4711397" href="#id4711397">3</a>] </sup> </p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id2550815" href="#id2550815" class="para">3</a>] </sup>
Do not use <span><strong class="command">tar cf /dev/null</strong></span>, see Do not use <span class="command"><strong>tar -c -f /dev/null</strong></span> or
<span><strong class="command">info tar</strong></span>. <span class="command"><strong>tar -cO /mydir &gt;/dev/null</strong></span>. GNU tar does not
</p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id4711431" href="#id4711431">4</a>] </sup> actually read the files if <code class="filename">/dev/null</code> is used as
archive path or as standard output, see <span class="command"><strong>info tar</strong></span>.
</p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id2550862" href="#id2550862" class="para">4</a>] </sup>
Important: set blocksize range is arbitrary, but do not only test a single Important: set blocksize range is arbitrary, but do not only test a single
block, as bad blocks are often social. Not too large as this test probably block, as bad blocks are often social. Not too large as this test probably
has not 0% risk. has not 0% risk.
</p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id4711447" href="#id4711447">5</a>] </sup> </p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id2550876" href="#id2550876" class="para">5</a>] </sup>
The rather awkward `expr 484335 + 100` (note the back quotes) can be replaced The rather awkward `expr 484335 + 100` (note the back quotes) can be replaced
with $((484335+100)) if the bash shell is being used. Similarly the last with $((484335+100)) if the bash shell is being used. Similarly the last
argument can become $((484335-100)) . argument can become $((484335-100)) .
</p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id4711568" href="#id4711568">6</a>] </sup> </p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id2550980" href="#id2550980" class="para">6</a>] </sup>
<span><strong class="command">testdisk</strong></span> scans the media for the beginning of file <span class="command"><strong>testdisk</strong></span> scans the media for the beginning of file
systems that it recognizes. It can be tricked by data that looks systems that it recognizes. It can be tricked by data that looks
like the beginning of a file system or an old file system from a like the beginning of a file system or an old file system from a
previous partitioning of the media (disk). So care should be taken. previous partitioning of the media (disk). So care should be taken.
@ -974,24 +1021,24 @@ extended partitions lie wholly within a extended partition table
allocation. Also if the root partition of a Linux/Unix installation allocation. Also if the root partition of a Linux/Unix installation
can be found then the <code class="filename">/etc/fstab</code> file is a useful can be found then the <code class="filename">/etc/fstab</code> file is a useful
resource for finding the partition numbers of other partitions. resource for finding the partition numbers of other partitions.
</p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id4711687" href="#id4711687">7</a>] </sup> </p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id2551099" href="#id2551099" class="para">7</a>] </sup>
Thanks to Manfred Schwarb for the information about storing partition Thanks to Manfred Schwarb for the information about storing partition
table(s) beforehand. table(s) beforehand.
</p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id4712485" href="#id4712485">8</a>] </sup> </p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id2551516" href="#id2551516" class="para">8</a>] </sup>
Detecting and fixing an error with ECC "on the fly" and not going the further Detecting and fixing an error with ECC "on the fly" and not going the further
step and reassigning the block in question may explain why some disks have step and reassigning the block in question may explain why some disks have
large numbers in their read error counter log. Various worried users have large numbers in their read error counter log. Various worried users have
reported large numbers in the "errors corrected without substantial delay" reported large numbers in the "errors corrected without substantial delay"
counter field which is in the "Errors corrected by ECC fast" column in counter field which is in the "Errors corrected by ECC fast" column in
the <span><strong class="command">smartctl -l error</strong></span> output. the <span class="command"><strong>smartctl -l error</strong></span> output.
</p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id4712514" href="#id4712514">9</a>] </sup> </p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id2551535" href="#id2551535" class="para">9</a>] </sup>
Often disks inside a hardware RAID have the ARRE and AWRE bits Often disks inside a hardware RAID have the ARRE and AWRE bits
cleared (disabled) so the RAID controller can do things manually or flag cleared (disabled) so the RAID controller can do things manually or flag
the disk for replacement. the disk for replacement.
</p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id4712652" href="#id4712652">10</a>] </sup> </p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id2551756" href="#id2551756" class="para">10</a>] </sup>
In this case the corruption was manufactured by using the WRITE LONG In this case the corruption was manufactured by using the WRITE LONG
SCSI command. See <span><strong class="command">sg_write_long</strong></span> in sg3_utils. SCSI command. See <span class="command"><strong>sg_write_long</strong></span> in sg3_utils.
</p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id4712776" href="#id4712776">11</a>] </sup> </p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id2551874" href="#id2551874" class="para">11</a>] </sup>
Most window managers have a handy calculator that will do hex to Most window managers have a handy calculator that will do hex to
decimal conversions. More work may be needed at the file system level, decimal conversions. More work may be needed at the file system level,
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