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Multi-line output in ss makes it difficult to search for things with grep. This new option will make it easier to find sockets matching certain criteria with simple grep commands. Example without option: $ ss -emoitn State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port ESTAB 0 0 127.0.0.1:13265 127.0.0.1:36743 uid:1974 ino:48271 sk:1 <-> skmem:(r0,rb2227595,t0,tb2626560,f0,w0,o0,bl0,d0) ts sack reno wscale:7,7 rto:211 rtt:10.245/16.616 ato:40 mss:65483 cwnd:10 bytes_acked:41865496 bytes_received:21580440 segs_out:242496 segs_in:351446 data_segs_out:242495 data_segs_in:242495 send 511.3Mbps lastsnd:2383 lastrcv:2383 lastack:2342 pacing_rate 1022.6Mbps rcv_rtt:92427.6 rcv_space:43725 minrtt:0.007 Example with new option: $ ss -emoitnO State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port ESTAB 0 0 127.0.0.1:13265 127.0.0.1:36743 uid:1974 ino:48271 sk:1 <-> skmem:(r0,rb2227595,t0,tb2626560,f0,w0,o0,bl0,d0) ts sack reno wscale:7,7 rto:211 rtt:10.067/16.429 ato:40 mss:65483 pmtu:65535 rcvmss:536 advmss:65483 cwnd:10 bytes_sent:41868244 bytes_acked:41868244 bytes_received:21581866 segs_out:242512 segs_in:351469 data_segs_out:242511 data_segs_in:242511 send 520.4Mbps lastsnd:14355 lastrcv:14355 lastack:14314 pacing_rate 1040.7Mbps delivery_rate 74837.7Mbps delivered:242512 app_limited busy:1861946ms rcv_rtt:92427.6 rcv_space:43725 rcv_ssthresh:43690 minrtt:0.007 Signed-off-by: Josh Hunt <johunt@akamai.com> Signed-off-by: David Ahern <dsahern@gmail.com>
457 lines
10 KiB
Groff
457 lines
10 KiB
Groff
.TH SS 8
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.SH NAME
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ss \- another utility to investigate sockets
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.SH SYNOPSIS
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.B ss
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.RI [ options ] " [ FILTER ]"
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.SH DESCRIPTION
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.B ss
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is used to dump socket statistics. It allows showing information similar
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to
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.IR netstat .
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It can display more TCP and state information than other tools.
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.SH OPTIONS
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When no option is used ss displays a list of open non-listening
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sockets (e.g. TCP/UNIX/UDP) that have established connection.
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.TP
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.B \-h, \-\-help
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Show summary of options.
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.TP
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.B \-V, \-\-version
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Output version information.
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.TP
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.B \-H, \-\-no-header
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Suppress header line.
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.TP
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.B \-O, \-\-oneline
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Print each socket's data on a single line.
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.TP
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.B \-n, \-\-numeric
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Do not try to resolve service names.
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.TP
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.B \-r, \-\-resolve
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Try to resolve numeric address/ports.
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.TP
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.B \-a, \-\-all
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Display both listening and non-listening (for TCP this means
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established connections) sockets.
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.TP
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.B \-l, \-\-listening
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Display only listening sockets (these are omitted by default).
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.TP
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.B \-o, \-\-options
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Show timer information. For TCP protocol, the output format is:
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.RS
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.P
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timer:(<timer_name>,<expire_time>,<retrans>)
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.P
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.TP
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.B <timer_name>
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the name of the timer, there are five kind of timer names:
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.RS
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.P
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.B on
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: means one of these timers: TCP retrans timer, TCP early retrans
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timer and tail loss probe timer
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.P
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.BR keepalive ": tcp keep alive timer"
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.P
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.BR timewait ": timewait stage timer"
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.P
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.BR persist ": zero window probe timer"
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.P
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.BR unknown ": none of the above timers"
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.RE
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.TP
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.B <expire_time>
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how long time the timer will expire
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.P
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.TP
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.B <retrans>
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how many times the retransmission occured
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.RE
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.TP
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.B \-e, \-\-extended
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Show detailed socket information. The output format is:
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.RS
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.P
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uid:<uid_number> ino:<inode_number> sk:<cookie>
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.P
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.TP
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.B <uid_number>
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the user id the socket belongs to
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.P
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.TP
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.B <inode_number>
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the socket's inode number in VFS
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.P
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.TP
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.B <cookie>
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an uuid of the socket
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.RE
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.TP
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.B \-m, \-\-memory
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Show socket memory usage. The output format is:
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.RS
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.P
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skmem:(r<rmem_alloc>,rb<rcv_buf>,t<wmem_alloc>,tb<snd_buf>,
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.br
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.RS
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.RS
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f<fwd_alloc>,w<wmem_queued>,
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.RE
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.RE
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.br
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.RS
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.RS
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o<opt_mem>,bl<back_log>)
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.RE
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.RE
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.P
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.TP
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.B <rmem_alloc>
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the memory allocated for receiving packet
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.P
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.TP
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.B <rcv_buf>
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the total memory can be allocated for receiving packet
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.P
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.TP
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.B <wmem_alloc>
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the memory used for sending packet (which has been sent to layer 3)
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.P
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.TP
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.B <snd_buf>
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the total memory can be allocated for sending packet
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.P
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.TP
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.B <fwd_alloc>
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the memory allocated by the socket as cache, but not used for
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receiving/sending packet yet. If need memory to send/receive packet,
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the memory in this cache will be used before allocate additional
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memory.
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.P
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.TP
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.B <wmem_queued>
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The memory allocated for sending packet (which has not been sent to layer 3)
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.P
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.TP
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.B <ropt_mem>
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The memory used for storing socket option, e.g., the key for TCP MD5 signature
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.P
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.TP
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.B <back_log>
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The memory used for the sk backlog queue. On a process context, if the
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process is receiving packet, and a new packet is received, it will be
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put into the sk backlog queue, so it can be received by the process
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immediately
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.RE
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.TP
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.B \-p, \-\-processes
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Show process using socket.
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.TP
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.B \-i, \-\-info
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Show internal TCP information. Below fields may appear:
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.RS
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.P
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.TP
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.B ts
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show string "ts" if the timestamp option is set
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.P
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.TP
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.B sack
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show string "sack" if the sack option is set
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.P
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.TP
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.B ecn
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show string "ecn" if the explicit congestion notification option is set
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.P
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.TP
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.B ecnseen
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show string "ecnseen" if the saw ecn flag is found in received packets
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.P
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.TP
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.B fastopen
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show string "fastopen" if the fastopen option is set
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.P
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.TP
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.B cong_alg
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the congestion algorithm name, the default congestion algorithm is "cubic"
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.P
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.TP
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.B wscale:<snd_wscale>:<rcv_wscale>
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if window scale option is used, this field shows the send scale factor
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and receive scale factor
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.P
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.TP
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.B rto:<icsk_rto>
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tcp re-transmission timeout value, the unit is millisecond
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.P
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.TP
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.B backoff:<icsk_backoff>
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used for exponential backoff re-transmission, the actual
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re-transmission timeout value is icsk_rto << icsk_backoff
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.P
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.TP
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.B rtt:<rtt>/<rttvar>
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rtt is the average round trip time, rttvar is the mean deviation of
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rtt, their units are millisecond
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.P
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.TP
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.B ato:<ato>
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ack timeout, unit is millisecond, used for delay ack mode
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.P
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.TP
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.B mss:<mss>
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max segment size
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.P
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.TP
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.B cwnd:<cwnd>
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congestion window size
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.P
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.TP
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.B pmtu:<pmtu>
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path MTU value
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.P
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.TP
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.B ssthresh:<ssthresh>
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tcp congestion window slow start threshold
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.P
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.TP
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.B bytes_acked:<bytes_acked>
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bytes acked
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.P
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.TP
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.B bytes_received:<bytes_received>
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bytes received
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.P
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.TP
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.B segs_out:<segs_out>
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segments sent out
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.P
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.TP
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.B segs_in:<segs_in>
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segments received
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.P
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.TP
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.B send <send_bps>bps
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egress bps
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.P
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.TP
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.B lastsnd:<lastsnd>
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how long time since the last packet sent, the unit is millisecond
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.P
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.TP
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.B lastrcv:<lastrcv>
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how long time since the last packet received, the unit is millisecond
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.P
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.TP
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.B lastack:<lastack>
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how long time since the last ack received, the unit is millisecond
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.P
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.TP
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.B pacing_rate <pacing_rate>bps/<max_pacing_rate>bps
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the pacing rate and max pacing rate
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.P
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.TP
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.B rcv_space:<rcv_space>
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a helper variable for TCP internal auto tuning socket receive buffer
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.RE
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.TP
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.B \-\-tos
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Show ToS and priority information. Below fields may appear:
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.RS
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.P
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.TP
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.B tos
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IPv4 Type-of-Service byte
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.P
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.TP
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.B tclass
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IPv6 Traffic Class byte
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.P
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.TP
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.B class_id
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Class id set by net_cls cgroup. If class is zero this shows priority
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set by SO_PRIORITY.
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.RE
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.TP
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.B \-K, \-\-kill
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Attempts to forcibly close sockets. This option displays sockets that are
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successfully closed and silently skips sockets that the kernel does not support
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closing. It supports IPv4 and IPv6 sockets only.
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.TP
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.B \-s, \-\-summary
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Print summary statistics. This option does not parse socket lists obtaining
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summary from various sources. It is useful when amount of sockets is so huge
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that parsing /proc/net/tcp is painful.
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.TP
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.B \-E, \-\-events
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Continually display sockets as they are destroyed
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.TP
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.B \-Z, \-\-context
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As the
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.B \-p
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option but also shows process security context.
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.sp
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For
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.BR netlink (7)
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sockets the initiating process context is displayed as follows:
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.RS
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.RS
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.IP "1." 4
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If valid pid show the process context.
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.IP "2." 4
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If destination is kernel (pid = 0) show kernel initial context.
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.IP "3." 4
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If a unique identifier has been allocated by the kernel or netlink user,
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show context as "unavailable". This will generally indicate that a
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process has more than one netlink socket active.
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.RE
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.RE
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.TP
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.B \-z, \-\-contexts
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As the
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.B \-Z
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option but also shows the socket context. The socket context is
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taken from the associated inode and is not the actual socket
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context held by the kernel. Sockets are typically labeled with the
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context of the creating process, however the context shown will reflect
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any policy role, type and/or range transition rules applied,
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and is therefore a useful reference.
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.TP
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.B \-N NSNAME, \-\-net=NSNAME
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Switch to the specified network namespace name.
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.TP
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.B \-b, \-\-bpf
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Show socket BPF filters (only administrators are allowed to get these
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information).
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.TP
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.B \-4, \-\-ipv4
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Display only IP version 4 sockets (alias for -f inet).
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.TP
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.B \-6, \-\-ipv6
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Display only IP version 6 sockets (alias for -f inet6).
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.TP
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.B \-0, \-\-packet
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Display PACKET sockets (alias for -f link).
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.TP
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.B \-t, \-\-tcp
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Display TCP sockets.
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.TP
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.B \-u, \-\-udp
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Display UDP sockets.
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.TP
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.B \-d, \-\-dccp
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Display DCCP sockets.
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.TP
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.B \-w, \-\-raw
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Display RAW sockets.
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.TP
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.B \-x, \-\-unix
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Display Unix domain sockets (alias for -f unix).
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.TP
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.B \-S, \-\-sctp
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Display SCTP sockets.
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.TP
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.B \-\-vsock
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Display vsock sockets (alias for -f vsock).
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.TP
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.B \-\-xdp
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Display XDP sockets (alias for -f xdp).
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.TP
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.B \-f FAMILY, \-\-family=FAMILY
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Display sockets of type FAMILY. Currently the following families are
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supported: unix, inet, inet6, link, netlink, vsock, xdp.
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.TP
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.B \-A QUERY, \-\-query=QUERY, \-\-socket=QUERY
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List of socket tables to dump, separated by commas. The following identifiers
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are understood: all, inet, tcp, udp, raw, unix, packet, netlink, unix_dgram,
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unix_stream, unix_seqpacket, packet_raw, packet_dgram, dccp, sctp,
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vsock_stream, vsock_dgram, xdp Any item in the list may optionally be
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prefixed by an exclamation mark
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.RB ( ! )
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to exclude that socket table from being dumped.
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.TP
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.B \-D FILE, \-\-diag=FILE
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Do not display anything, just dump raw information about TCP sockets
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to FILE after applying filters. If FILE is - stdout is used.
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.TP
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.B \-F FILE, \-\-filter=FILE
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Read filter information from FILE. Each line of FILE is interpreted
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like single command line option. If FILE is - stdin is used.
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.TP
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.B FILTER := [ state STATE-FILTER ] [ EXPRESSION ]
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Please take a look at the official documentation for details regarding filters.
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.SH STATE-FILTER
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.B STATE-FILTER
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allows to construct arbitrary set of states to match. Its syntax is
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sequence of keywords state and exclude followed by identifier of
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state.
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.TP
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Available identifiers are:
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All standard TCP states:
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.BR established ", " syn-sent ", " syn-recv ", " fin-wait-1 ", " fin-wait-2 ", " time-wait ", " closed ", " close-wait ", " last-ack ", "
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.BR listening " and " closing.
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.B all
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- for all the states
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.B connected
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- all the states except for
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.BR listening " and " closed
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.B synchronized
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- all the
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.B connected
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states except for
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.B syn-sent
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.B bucket
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- states, which are maintained as minisockets, i.e.
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.BR time-wait " and " syn-recv
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.B big
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- opposite to
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.B bucket
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.SH USAGE EXAMPLES
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.TP
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.B ss -t -a
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Display all TCP sockets.
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.TP
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.B ss -t -a -Z
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Display all TCP sockets with process SELinux security contexts.
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.TP
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.B ss -u -a
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Display all UDP sockets.
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.TP
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.B ss -o state established '( dport = :ssh or sport = :ssh )'
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Display all established ssh connections.
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.TP
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.B ss -x src /tmp/.X11-unix/*
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Find all local processes connected to X server.
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.TP
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.B ss -o state fin-wait-1 '( sport = :http or sport = :https )' dst 193.233.7/24
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List all the tcp sockets in state FIN-WAIT-1 for our apache to network
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193.233.7/24 and look at their timers.
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.TP
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.B ss -a -A 'all,!tcp'
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List sockets in all states from all socket tables but TCP.
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.SH SEE ALSO
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.BR ip (8),
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.br
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.BR RFC " 793 "
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- https://tools.ietf.org/rfc/rfc793.txt (TCP states)
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.SH AUTHOR
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.I ss
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was written by Alexey Kuznetsov, <kuznet@ms2.inr.ac.ru>.
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.PP
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This manual page was written by Michael Prokop <mika@grml.org>
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for the Debian project (but may be used by others).
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