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Since CAKE now has three different settings that can be overridden by tc filters (priority and host and flow hashes), documenting how they work is probably a good idea. Signed-off-by: Toke Høiland-Jørgensen <toke@toke.dk> Signed-off-by: Stephen Hemminger <stephen@networkplumber.org>
711 lines
20 KiB
Groff
711 lines
20 KiB
Groff
.TH CAKE 8 "19 July 2018" "iproute2" "Linux"
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.SH NAME
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CAKE \- Common Applications Kept Enhanced (CAKE)
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.SH SYNOPSIS
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.B tc qdisc ... cake
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.br
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[
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.BR bandwidth
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RATE |
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.BR unlimited*
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.BR autorate-ingress
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]
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.br
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[
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.BR rtt
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TIME |
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.BR datacentre
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.BR lan
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.BR metro
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.BR regional
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.BR internet*
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.BR oceanic
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.BR satellite
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.BR interplanetary
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]
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.br
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[
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.BR besteffort
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.BR diffserv8
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.BR diffserv4
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.BR diffserv3*
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]
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.br
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[
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.BR flowblind
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.BR srchost
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.BR dsthost
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.BR hosts
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.BR flows
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.BR dual-srchost
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.BR dual-dsthost
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.BR triple-isolate*
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]
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.br
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[
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.BR nat
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.BR nonat*
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]
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.br
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[
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.BR wash
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.BR nowash*
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]
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.br
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[
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.BR split-gso*
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.BR no-split-gso
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]
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.br
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[
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.BR ack-filter
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.BR ack-filter-aggressive
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.BR no-ack-filter*
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]
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.br
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[
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.BR memlimit
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LIMIT ]
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.br
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[
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.BR ptm
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.BR atm
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.BR noatm*
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]
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.br
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[
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.BR overhead
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N |
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.BR conservative
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.BR raw*
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]
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.br
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[
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.BR mpu
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N ]
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.br
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[
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.BR ingress
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.BR egress*
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]
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.br
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(* marks defaults)
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.SH DESCRIPTION
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CAKE (Common Applications Kept Enhanced) is a shaping-capable queue discipline
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which uses both AQM and FQ. It combines COBALT, which is an AQM algorithm
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combining Codel and BLUE, a shaper which operates in deficit mode, and a variant
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of DRR++ for flow isolation. 8-way set-associative hashing is used to virtually
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eliminate hash collisions. Priority queuing is available through a simplified
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diffserv implementation. Overhead compensation for various encapsulation
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schemes is tightly integrated.
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All settings are optional; the default settings are chosen to be sensible in
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most common deployments. Most people will only need to set the
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.B bandwidth
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parameter to get useful results, but reading the
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.B Overhead Compensation
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and
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.B Round Trip Time
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sections is strongly encouraged.
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.SH SHAPER PARAMETERS
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CAKE uses a deficit-mode shaper, which does not exhibit the initial burst
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typical of token-bucket shapers. It will automatically burst precisely as much
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as required to maintain the configured throughput. As such, it is very
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straightforward to configure.
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.PP
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.B unlimited
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(default)
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.br
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No limit on the bandwidth.
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.PP
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.B bandwidth
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RATE
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.br
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Set the shaper bandwidth. See
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.BR tc(8)
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or examples below for details of the RATE value.
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.PP
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.B autorate-ingress
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.br
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Automatic capacity estimation based on traffic arriving at this qdisc.
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This is most likely to be useful with cellular links, which tend to change
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quality randomly. A
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.B bandwidth
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parameter can be used in conjunction to specify an initial estimate. The shaper
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will periodically be set to a bandwidth slightly below the estimated rate. This
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estimator cannot estimate the bandwidth of links downstream of itself.
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.SH OVERHEAD COMPENSATION PARAMETERS
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The size of each packet on the wire may differ from that seen by Linux. The
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following parameters allow CAKE to compensate for this difference by internally
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considering each packet to be bigger than Linux informs it. To assist users who
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are not expert network engineers, keywords have been provided to represent a
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number of common link technologies.
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.SS Manual Overhead Specification
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.B overhead
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BYTES
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.br
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Adds BYTES to the size of each packet. BYTES may be negative; values
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between -64 and 256 (inclusive) are accepted.
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.PP
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.B mpu
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BYTES
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.br
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Rounds each packet (including overhead) up to a minimum length
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BYTES. BYTES may not be negative; values between 0 and 256 (inclusive)
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are accepted.
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.PP
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.B atm
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.br
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Compensates for ATM cell framing, which is normally found on ADSL links.
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This is performed after the
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.B overhead
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parameter above. ATM uses fixed 53-byte cells, each of which can carry 48 bytes
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payload.
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.PP
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.B ptm
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.br
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Compensates for PTM encoding, which is normally found on VDSL2 links and
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uses a 64b/65b encoding scheme. It is even more efficient to simply
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derate the specified shaper bandwidth by a factor of 64/65 or 0.984. See
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ITU G.992.3 Annex N and IEEE 802.3 Section 61.3 for details.
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.PP
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.B noatm
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.br
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Disables ATM and PTM compensation.
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.SS Failsafe Overhead Keywords
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These two keywords are provided for quick-and-dirty setup. Use them if you
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can't be bothered to read the rest of this section.
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.PP
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.B raw
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(default)
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.br
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Turns off all overhead compensation in CAKE. The packet size reported
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by Linux will be used directly.
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.PP
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Other overhead keywords may be added after "raw". The effect of this is
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to make the overhead compensation operate relative to the reported packet size,
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not the underlying IP packet size.
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.PP
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.B conservative
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.br
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Compensates for more overhead than is likely to occur on any
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widely-deployed link technology.
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.br
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Equivalent to
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.B overhead 48 atm.
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.SS ADSL Overhead Keywords
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Most ADSL modems have a way to check which framing scheme is in use. Often this
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is also specified in the settings document provided by the ISP. The keywords in
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this section are intended to correspond with these sources of information. All
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of them implicitly set the
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.B atm
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flag.
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.PP
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.B pppoa-vcmux
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.br
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Equivalent to
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.B overhead 10 atm
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.PP
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.B pppoa-llc
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.br
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Equivalent to
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.B overhead 14 atm
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.PP
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.B pppoe-vcmux
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.br
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Equivalent to
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.B overhead 32 atm
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.PP
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.B pppoe-llcsnap
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.br
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Equivalent to
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.B overhead 40 atm
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.PP
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.B bridged-vcmux
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.br
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Equivalent to
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.B overhead 24 atm
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.PP
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.B bridged-llcsnap
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.br
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Equivalent to
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.B overhead 32 atm
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.PP
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.B ipoa-vcmux
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.br
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Equivalent to
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.B overhead 8 atm
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.PP
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.B ipoa-llcsnap
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.br
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Equivalent to
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.B overhead 16 atm
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.PP
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See also the Ethernet Correction Factors section below.
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.SS VDSL2 Overhead Keywords
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ATM was dropped from VDSL2 in favour of PTM, which is a much more
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straightforward framing scheme. Some ISPs retained PPPoE for compatibility with
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their existing back-end systems.
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.PP
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.B pppoe-ptm
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.br
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Equivalent to
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.B overhead 30 ptm
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.br
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PPPoE: 2B PPP + 6B PPPoE +
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.br
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ETHERNET: 6B dest MAC + 6B src MAC + 2B ethertype + 4B Frame Check Sequence +
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.br
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PTM: 1B Start of Frame (S) + 1B End of Frame (Ck) + 2B TC-CRC (PTM-FCS)
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.br
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.PP
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.B bridged-ptm
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.br
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Equivalent to
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.B overhead 22 ptm
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.br
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ETHERNET: 6B dest MAC + 6B src MAC + 2B ethertype + 4B Frame Check Sequence +
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.br
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PTM: 1B Start of Frame (S) + 1B End of Frame (Ck) + 2B TC-CRC (PTM-FCS)
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.br
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.PP
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See also the Ethernet Correction Factors section below.
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.SS DOCSIS Cable Overhead Keyword
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DOCSIS is the universal standard for providing Internet service over cable-TV
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infrastructure.
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In this case, the actual on-wire overhead is less important than the packet size
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the head-end equipment uses for shaping and metering. This is specified to be
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an Ethernet frame including the CRC (aka FCS).
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.PP
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.B docsis
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.br
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Equivalent to
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.B overhead 18 mpu 64 noatm
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.SS Ethernet Overhead Keywords
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.PP
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.B ethernet
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.br
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Accounts for Ethernet's preamble, inter-frame gap, and Frame Check
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Sequence. Use this keyword when the bottleneck being shaped for is an
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actual Ethernet cable.
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.br
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Equivalent to
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.B overhead 38 mpu 84 noatm
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.PP
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.B ether-vlan
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.br
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Adds 4 bytes to the overhead compensation, accounting for an IEEE 802.1Q
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VLAN header appended to the Ethernet frame header. NB: Some ISPs use one or
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even two of these within PPPoE; this keyword may be repeated as necessary to
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express this.
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.SH ROUND TRIP TIME PARAMETERS
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Active Queue Management (AQM) consists of embedding congestion signals in the
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packet flow, which receivers use to instruct senders to slow down when the queue
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is persistently occupied. CAKE uses ECN signalling when available, and packet
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drops otherwise, according to a combination of the Codel and BLUE AQM algorithms
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called COBALT.
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Very short latencies require a very rapid AQM response to adequately control
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latency. However, such a rapid response tends to impair throughput when the
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actual RTT is relatively long. CAKE allows specifying the RTT it assumes for
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tuning various parameters. Actual RTTs within an order of magnitude of this
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will generally work well for both throughput and latency management.
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At the 'lan' setting and below, the time constants are similar in magnitude to
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the jitter in the Linux kernel itself, so congestion might be signalled
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prematurely. The flows will then become sparse and total throughput reduced,
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leaving little or no back-pressure for the fairness logic to work against. Use
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the "metro" setting for local lans unless you have a custom kernel.
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.PP
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.B rtt
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TIME
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.br
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Manually specify an RTT.
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.PP
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.B datacentre
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.br
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For extremely high-performance 10GigE+ networks only. Equivalent to
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.B rtt 100us.
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.PP
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.B lan
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.br
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For pure Ethernet (not Wi-Fi) networks, at home or in the office. Don't
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use this when shaping for an Internet access link. Equivalent to
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.B rtt 1ms.
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.PP
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.B metro
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.br
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For traffic mostly within a single city. Equivalent to
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.B rtt 10ms.
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.PP
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.B regional
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.br
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For traffic mostly within a European-sized country. Equivalent to
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.B rtt 30ms.
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.PP
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.B internet
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(default)
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.br
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This is suitable for most Internet traffic. Equivalent to
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.B rtt 100ms.
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.PP
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.B oceanic
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.br
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For Internet traffic with generally above-average latency, such as that
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suffered by Australasian residents. Equivalent to
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.B rtt 300ms.
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.PP
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.B satellite
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.br
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For traffic via geostationary satellites. Equivalent to
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.B rtt 1000ms.
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.PP
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.B interplanetary
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.br
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So named because Jupiter is about 1 light-hour from Earth. Use this to
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(almost) completely disable AQM actions. Equivalent to
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.B rtt 3600s.
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.SH FLOW ISOLATION PARAMETERS
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With flow isolation enabled, CAKE places packets from different flows into
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different queues, each of which carries its own AQM state. Packets from each
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queue are then delivered fairly, according to a DRR++ algorithm which minimises
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latency for "sparse" flows. CAKE uses a set-associative hashing algorithm to
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minimise flow collisions.
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These keywords specify whether fairness based on source address, destination
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address, individual flows, or any combination of those is desired.
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.PP
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.B flowblind
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.br
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Disables flow isolation; all traffic passes through a single queue for
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each tin.
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.PP
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.B srchost
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.br
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Flows are defined only by source address. Could be useful on the egress
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path of an ISP backhaul.
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.PP
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.B dsthost
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.br
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Flows are defined only by destination address. Could be useful on the
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ingress path of an ISP backhaul.
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.PP
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.B hosts
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.br
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Flows are defined by source-destination host pairs. This is host
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isolation, rather than flow isolation.
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.PP
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.B flows
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.br
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Flows are defined by the entire 5-tuple of source address, destination
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address, transport protocol, source port and destination port. This is the type
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of flow isolation performed by SFQ and fq_codel.
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.PP
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.B dual-srchost
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.br
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Flows are defined by the 5-tuple, and fairness is applied first over
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source addresses, then over individual flows. Good for use on egress traffic
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from a LAN to the internet, where it'll prevent any one LAN host from
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monopolising the uplink, regardless of the number of flows they use.
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.PP
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.B dual-dsthost
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.br
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Flows are defined by the 5-tuple, and fairness is applied first over
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destination addresses, then over individual flows. Good for use on ingress
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traffic to a LAN from the internet, where it'll prevent any one LAN host from
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monopolising the downlink, regardless of the number of flows they use.
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.PP
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.B triple-isolate
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(default)
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.br
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Flows are defined by the 5-tuple, and fairness is applied over source
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*and* destination addresses intelligently (ie. not merely by host-pairs), and
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also over individual flows. Use this if you're not certain whether to use
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dual-srchost or dual-dsthost; it'll do both jobs at once, preventing any one
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host on *either* side of the link from monopolising it with a large number of
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flows.
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.PP
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.B nat
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.br
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Instructs Cake to perform a NAT lookup before applying flow-isolation
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rules, to determine the true addresses and port numbers of the packet, to
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improve fairness between hosts "inside" the NAT. This has no practical effect
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in "flowblind" or "flows" modes, or if NAT is performed on a different host.
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.PP
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.B nonat
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(default)
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.br
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Cake will not perform a NAT lookup. Flow isolation will be performed
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using the addresses and port numbers directly visible to the interface Cake is
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attached to.
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.SH PRIORITY QUEUE PARAMETERS
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CAKE can divide traffic into "tins" based on the Diffserv field. Each tin has
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its own independent set of flow-isolation queues, and is serviced based on a WRR
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algorithm. To avoid perverse Diffserv marking incentives, tin weights have a
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"priority sharing" value when bandwidth used by that tin is below a threshold,
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and a lower "bandwidth sharing" value when above. Bandwidth is compared against
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the threshold using the same algorithm as the deficit-mode shaper.
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Detailed customisation of tin parameters is not provided. The following presets
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perform all necessary tuning, relative to the current shaper bandwidth and RTT
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settings.
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.PP
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.B besteffort
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.br
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Disables priority queuing by placing all traffic in one tin.
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.PP
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.B precedence
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.br
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Enables legacy interpretation of TOS "Precedence" field. Use of this
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preset on the modern Internet is firmly discouraged.
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.PP
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.B diffserv4
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.br
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Provides a general-purpose Diffserv implementation with four tins:
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.br
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Bulk (CS1), 6.25% threshold, generally low priority.
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.br
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Best Effort (general), 100% threshold.
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.br
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Video (AF4x, AF3x, CS3, AF2x, CS2, TOS4, TOS1), 50% threshold.
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.br
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Voice (CS7, CS6, EF, VA, CS5, CS4), 25% threshold.
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.PP
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.B diffserv3
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(default)
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.br
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Provides a simple, general-purpose Diffserv implementation with three tins:
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.br
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Bulk (CS1), 6.25% threshold, generally low priority.
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.br
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Best Effort (general), 100% threshold.
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.br
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Voice (CS7, CS6, EF, VA, TOS4), 25% threshold, reduced Codel interval.
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.SH OTHER PARAMETERS
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.B memlimit
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LIMIT
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.br
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Limit the memory consumed by Cake to LIMIT bytes. Note that this does
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not translate directly to queue size (so do not size this based on bandwidth
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delay product considerations, but rather on worst case acceptable memory
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consumption), as there is some overhead in the data structures containing the
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packets, especially for small packets.
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By default, the limit is calculated based on the bandwidth and RTT
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settings.
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.PP
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.B wash
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.br
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Traffic entering your diffserv domain is frequently mis-marked in
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transit from the perspective of your network, and traffic exiting yours may be
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mis-marked from the perspective of the transiting provider.
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Apply the wash option to clear all extra diffserv (but not ECN bits), after
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priority queuing has taken place.
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If you are shaping inbound, and cannot trust the diffserv markings (as is the
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case for Comcast Cable, among others), it is best to use a single queue
|
|
"besteffort" mode with wash.
|
|
|
|
.PP
|
|
.B split-gso
|
|
|
|
.br
|
|
This option controls whether CAKE will split General Segmentation
|
|
Offload (GSO) super-packets into their on-the-wire components and
|
|
dequeue them individually.
|
|
|
|
.br
|
|
Super-packets are created by the networking stack to improve efficiency.
|
|
However, because they are larger they take longer to dequeue, which
|
|
translates to higher latency for competing flows, especially at lower
|
|
bandwidths. CAKE defaults to splitting GSO packets to achieve the lowest
|
|
possible latency. At link speeds higher than 10 Gbps, setting the
|
|
no-split-gso parameter can increase the maximum achievable throughput by
|
|
retaining the full GSO packets.
|
|
|
|
.SH OVERRIDING CLASSIFICATION WITH TC FILTERS
|
|
|
|
CAKE supports overriding of its internal classification of packets through the
|
|
tc filter mechanism. Packets can be assigned to different priority tins by
|
|
setting the
|
|
.B priority
|
|
field on the skb, and the flow hashing can be overridden by setting the
|
|
.B classid
|
|
parameter.
|
|
|
|
.PP
|
|
.B Tin override
|
|
|
|
.br
|
|
To assign a priority tin, the major number of the priority field needs
|
|
to match the qdisc handle of the cake instance; if it does, the minor number
|
|
will be interpreted as the tin index. For example, to classify all ICMP packets
|
|
as 'bulk', the following filter can be used:
|
|
|
|
.br
|
|
# tc qdisc replace dev eth0 handle 1: root cake diffserv3
|
|
# tc filter add dev eth0 parent 1: protocol ip prio 1 \\
|
|
u32 match icmp type 0 0 action skbedit priority 1:1
|
|
|
|
.PP
|
|
.B Flow hash override
|
|
|
|
.br
|
|
To override flow hashing, the classid can be set. CAKE will interpret
|
|
the major number of the classid as the host hash used in host isolation mode,
|
|
and the minor number as the flow hash used for flow-based queueing. One or both
|
|
of those can be set, and will be used if the relevant flow isolation parameter
|
|
is set (i.e., the major number will be ignored if CAKE is not configured in
|
|
hosts mode, and the minor number will be ignored if CAKE is not configured in
|
|
flows mode).
|
|
|
|
.br
|
|
This example will assign all ICMP packets to the first queue:
|
|
|
|
.br
|
|
# tc qdisc replace dev eth0 handle 1: root cake
|
|
# tc filter add dev eth0 parent 1: protocol ip prio 1 \\
|
|
u32 match icmp type 0 0 classid 0:1
|
|
|
|
.br
|
|
If only one of the host and flow overrides is set, CAKE will compute the other
|
|
hash from the packet as normal. Note, however, that the host isolation mode
|
|
works by assigning a host ID to the flow queue; so if overriding both host and
|
|
flow, the same flow cannot have more than one host assigned. In addition, it is
|
|
not possible to assign different source and destination host IDs through the
|
|
override mechanism; if a host ID is assigned, it will be used as both source and
|
|
destination host.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.SH EXAMPLES
|
|
# tc qdisc delete root dev eth0
|
|
.br
|
|
# tc qdisc add root dev eth0 cake bandwidth 100Mbit ethernet
|
|
.br
|
|
# tc -s qdisc show dev eth0
|
|
.br
|
|
qdisc cake 1: root refcnt 2 bandwidth 100Mbit diffserv3 triple-isolate rtt 100.0ms noatm overhead 38 mpu 84
|
|
Sent 0 bytes 0 pkt (dropped 0, overlimits 0 requeues 0)
|
|
backlog 0b 0p requeues 0
|
|
memory used: 0b of 5000000b
|
|
capacity estimate: 100Mbit
|
|
min/max network layer size: 65535 / 0
|
|
min/max overhead-adjusted size: 65535 / 0
|
|
average network hdr offset: 0
|
|
|
|
Bulk Best Effort Voice
|
|
thresh 6250Kbit 100Mbit 25Mbit
|
|
target 5.0ms 5.0ms 5.0ms
|
|
interval 100.0ms 100.0ms 100.0ms
|
|
pk_delay 0us 0us 0us
|
|
av_delay 0us 0us 0us
|
|
sp_delay 0us 0us 0us
|
|
pkts 0 0 0
|
|
bytes 0 0 0
|
|
way_inds 0 0 0
|
|
way_miss 0 0 0
|
|
way_cols 0 0 0
|
|
drops 0 0 0
|
|
marks 0 0 0
|
|
ack_drop 0 0 0
|
|
sp_flows 0 0 0
|
|
bk_flows 0 0 0
|
|
un_flows 0 0 0
|
|
max_len 0 0 0
|
|
quantum 300 1514 762
|
|
|
|
After some use:
|
|
.br
|
|
# tc -s qdisc show dev eth0
|
|
|
|
qdisc cake 1: root refcnt 2 bandwidth 100Mbit diffserv3 triple-isolate rtt 100.0ms noatm overhead 38 mpu 84
|
|
Sent 44709231 bytes 31931 pkt (dropped 45, overlimits 93782 requeues 0)
|
|
backlog 33308b 22p requeues 0
|
|
memory used: 292352b of 5000000b
|
|
capacity estimate: 100Mbit
|
|
min/max network layer size: 28 / 1500
|
|
min/max overhead-adjusted size: 84 / 1538
|
|
average network hdr offset: 14
|
|
|
|
Bulk Best Effort Voice
|
|
thresh 6250Kbit 100Mbit 25Mbit
|
|
target 5.0ms 5.0ms 5.0ms
|
|
interval 100.0ms 100.0ms 100.0ms
|
|
pk_delay 8.7ms 6.9ms 5.0ms
|
|
av_delay 4.9ms 5.3ms 3.8ms
|
|
sp_delay 727us 1.4ms 511us
|
|
pkts 2590 21271 8137
|
|
bytes 3081804 30302659 11426206
|
|
way_inds 0 46 0
|
|
way_miss 3 17 4
|
|
way_cols 0 0 0
|
|
drops 20 15 10
|
|
marks 0 0 0
|
|
ack_drop 0 0 0
|
|
sp_flows 2 4 1
|
|
bk_flows 1 2 1
|
|
un_flows 0 0 0
|
|
max_len 1514 1514 1514
|
|
quantum 300 1514 762
|
|
|
|
.SH SEE ALSO
|
|
.BR tc (8),
|
|
.BR tc-codel (8),
|
|
.BR tc-fq_codel (8),
|
|
.BR tc-htb (8)
|
|
|
|
.SH AUTHORS
|
|
Cake's principal author is Jonathan Morton, with contributions from
|
|
Tony Ambardar, Kevin Darbyshire-Bryant, Toke Høiland-Jørgensen,
|
|
Sebastian Moeller, Ryan Mounce, Dean Scarff, Nils Andreas Svee, and Dave Täht.
|
|
|
|
This manual page was written by Loganaden Velvindron. Please report corrections
|
|
to the Linux Networking mailing list <netdev@vger.kernel.org>.
|