This is in preparation for moving the hashing to the frontend, which
requires us to handle the incoming data before passing it to the
backend's stream.
This moves some of the odb_backend stuff that is related to the
internals of an odb_backend implementation into include/git2/sys.
Some of the stuff related to streaming I left in include/git2
because it seemed like it would be reasonably needed by a normal
user who wanted to stream objects into and out of the ODB.
Also, I added APIs for traversing the list of backends so that
some of the tests would not need to access ODB internals.
